Template-fixed peptidomimetics with antimicrobial activity

ABSTRACT

Template-fixed β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the general formulae (I) and (II) wherein Z, Z1 and Z2 are template-fixed chains of 8 to 16 α-amino acid residues which, depending on their positions in the chain (counted starting from the N-terminal amino acid) are Gly, or Pro, or of certain types which, as the remaining symbols in the above formulae, are defined in the description and the claims, and salts thereof, have the property to inhibit the growth of or to kill microorganisms and cancer cells. They can be used as disinfectants for foodstuffs, cosmetics, medicaments or other nutrient-containing materials or as medicaments to treat or prevent infections or diseases related to such infections and/or cancer. These β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be manufactured by a process which is based on a mixed solid- and solution phase synthetic strategy

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT/EP02/01711, filed Feb. 18, 2002, which claims priority to PCT/EP01/02072, filed Feb. 23, 2001, both of which are incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention provides template-fixed β-hairpin peptidomimetics incorporating template-fixed chains of 8 to 16 α-amino acid residues which, depending on their positions in the chains, are Gly or Pro, or of certain types, as defined hereinbelow. These template-fixed β-hairpin mimetics have broad spectrum antimicrobial and anticancer activity. In addition, the present invention provides an efficient synthetic process by which these compounds can, if desired, be made in parallel library-format. These β-hairpin peptidomimetics show improved efficacy, bioavailability, half-life and most importantly a significantly enhanced ratio between antibacterial and anticancer activity on the one hand, and hemolysis of red blood cells on the other.

2. Description of Relevant Art

The growing problem of microbial resistance to established antibiotics has stimulated intense interest in developing novel antimicrobial agents with new modes of action (H. Breithaupt, Nat. Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 1165–1169). One emerging class of antibiotics is based on naturally occurring cationic peptides (T. Ganz, R. L. Lehrer, Mol. Medicine Today 1999, 5, 292–297; R. M. Epand, H. J. Vogel, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1462, 11–28). These include disulfide-bridged β-hairpin and β-sheet peptides (such as the protegrins [V. N. M.; O. V. Shamova, H. A. Korneva, R. I. Lehrer, FEBS Lett. 1993, 327, 231–236], tachyplesins [T. Nakamura, H. Furunaka, T. Miyata, F. Tokunaga, T. Muta, S. Iwanaga, M. Niwa, T. Takao, Y. Shimonishi, Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 16709–16713], and the defensins [R. I. Lehrer, A. K. Lichtenstein, T. Ganz, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 1993, 11, 105–128], amphipathic α-helical peptides (e.g. cecropins, dermaseptins, magainins, and mellitins [A. Tossi, L. Sandri, A. Giangaspero, Biopolymers 2000, 55, 4–30]), as well as other linear and loop-structured peptides. Although the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial cationic peptides are not yet fully understood, their primary site of interaction is the microbial cell membrane (H. W. Huang, Biochemistry 2000, 39, 8347–8352). Upon exposure to these agents, the cell membrane undergoes permeabilization, which is followed by rapid cell death. However, more complex mechanisms of action, for example, involving receptor-mediated signaling; cannot presently be ruled out (M. Wu, E. Maier, R. Benz, R. E. Hancock, Biochemistry 1999, 38, 7235–7242).

The antimicrobial activities of many of these cationic peptides usually correlate with their preferred secondary structures, observed either in aqueous solution or in membrane-like environments (N. Sitaram, R. Nagaraj, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1462, 29–54). Structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have shown that cationic peptides such as protegrin 1 (A. Aumelas, M. Mangoni, C. Roumestand, L. Chiche, E. Despaux, G. Grassy, B. Calas, A. Chavanieu, A. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 237, 575–583; R. L. Fahrner, T. Dieckmann, S. S. L. Harwig, R. I. Lehrer, D. Eisenberg, J. Feigon, J. Chem. Biol. 1996, 3, 543–550) and tachyplesin I (K. Kawano, T. Yoneya, T. Miyata, K. Yoshikawa, F. Tokunaga, Y. Terada, S. J. Iwanaga, S. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265, 15365–15367) adopt well defined β-hairpin conformations, due to the constraining effect of two disulfide bridges. In protegrin analogues lacking one or both of these disulfide bonds, the stability of the β-hairpin conformation is diminished, and the antimicrobial activity is reduced (J. Chen, T. J. Falla, H. J. Liu, M. A. Hurst, C. A. Fujii, D. A. Mosca, J. R. Embree D. J. Loury, P. A. Radel, C. C. Chang, L. Gu, J. C. Fiddes, Biopolymers 2000, 55, 88–98; S. L. Harwig, A. Waring, H. J. Yang, Y. Cho, L. Tan, R. I. Lehrer, R. J. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 240, 352–357; M. E. Mangoni, A. Aumelas, P. Charnet, C. Roumestand, L. Chiche, E. Despaux, G. Grassy, B. Calas, A. Chavanieu, FEBS Lett. 1996, 383, 93–98; H. Tamamura, T. Murakami, S. Noriuchi, K. Sugihara, A. Otaka, W. Takada, T. Ibuka, M. Waki, N. Tamamoto, N. Fujii, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 43, 853–858). Similar observations have been made in analogues of tachyplesin I (H. Tamamura, R. Ikoma, M. Niwa, S. Funakoshi, T. Murakami, N. Fujii, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993, 41, 978–980) and in hairpin-loop mimetics of rabbit defensin NP-2 (S. Thennarasu, R. Nagaraj, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1999, 254, 281–283). These results show that the β-hairpin structure plays an important role in the antimicrobial activity and stability of these protegrin-like peptides. In the case of the cationic peptides preferring α-helical structures, the amphililic structure of the helix appears to play a key role in determining antimicrobial activity (A. Tossi, L. Sandri, A. Giangaspero, A. Biopolymers 2000, 55, 430). Gramicidin S is a backbone-cyclic peptide with a well defined β-hairpin structure (S. E. Hull, R. Karlsson, P. Main, M. M. Woolfson, E. J. Dodson, Nature 1978, 275, 206–275) that displays potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (L. H. Kondejewski, S. W. Farmer, D. S. Wishart, R. E. Hancock, R. S. Hodges, Int. J. Peptide Prot. Res. 1996, 47, 460–466). The high hemolytic activity of gramicidin S has, however, hindered its widespread use as an antibiotic. Recent structural studies by NMR have indicated that the high hemolytic activity apparently correlates with the highly amphipathic nature of this cyclic β-hairpin-like molecule, but that it is possible to dissociate antimicrobial and hemolytic activities by modulating the conformation and amphiphilicity (L. H. Kondejewski, M. Jelokhani-Niarali, S. W. Farmer, B. Lix, M. Kay, B. D. Sykes, R. E. Hancock, R. S. Hodges, J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 13181–13192; C. McInnes L. H. Kondejewski, R. S. Hodges, B. D. Sykes, J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 14287–14294).

A new cyclic antimicrobial peptide RTD-1 was reported recently from primate leukocytes (Y.-Q. Tang, J. Yuan, G. Ösapay, K. Ösapay, D. Tran, C. J. Miller, A. J. Oellette, M. E. Selsted, Science 1999, 286, 498–502. This peptide contains three disulfide bridges, which act to constrain the cyclic peptide backbone into a hairpin geometry. Cleavage of the three disulfide bonds leads to a significant loss of antimicrobial activity. Analogues of protegrins (J. P. Tam, C. Wu, J.-L. Yang, Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 3289–3300) and tachyplesins (J.-P. Tam, Y.-A. Lu, I.-L. Yang, Biochemistry 2000, 39, 7159–7169; N. Sitaram, R. Nagaraij, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 2000, 267, 783–790) containing a cyclic peptide backbone, as well as multiple disulfide bridges to enforce a amphiphilic hairpin structure, have also been reported. In these cases, removal of all the cystine constraints does not always lead to a large loss of antimicrobial activity, but does modulate the membranolytic selectivity (J. P. Tam, C. Wu, J.-L. Yang, Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 3289–3300).

A key issue in the design of new cationic antimicrobial peptides is selectivity. The naturally occurring protegrins and tachyplesins exert a significant hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. This is also the case for protegrin analogues such as IB367 (J. Chen, T. J. Falla, H. J. Liu, M. A. Hurst, C. A. Fujii, D. A. Mosca, J. R. Embree, D. J. Loury, P. A. Radel, C. C. Chang, L. Gu, J. C. Fiddes, Biopolymers 2000, 55, 88–98; C. Chang, L. Gu, J. Chen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,872, 1999). This high hemolytic activity essentially obviates its use in vivo, and represents a serious disadvantage in clinical applications. Also, the antibiotic activity of analogues often decreases significantly with increasing salt concentration, such that under in vivo conditions (ca. 100–150 mM NaCl) the antimicrobial activity may be severely reduced. Before intravenous use can be considered, the general toxicity, protein-binding activity in blood serum, as well as protease stability become serious issues which must be adequately addressed.

Protegrin 1 exhibits potent and similar activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi in both low- and high-salt assays. This broad antimicrobial activity combined with a rapid mode of action, and their ability to kill bacteria resistant to other classes of antibiotics, make them attractive targets for development of clinically useful antibiotics. The activity against gram-positive bacteria is typically higher than against gram-negative bacteria. However, protegrin 1 also exhibits a high hemolytic activity against human red blood cells, and hence a low selectivity towards microbial cells. Oriented CD experiments (W. T. Heller, A. J. Waring, R. I. Lehrer, H. W. Huang, Biochemistry 1998, 37, 17331–17338) indicate that protegrin 1 may exist in two different states as it interacts with membranes, and these states are strongly influenced by lipid composition. Studies of cyclic protegrin analogues (J.-P. Tam, C. Wu, J.-L. Yang, Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 3289–3300) have revealed, that an increase in the conformational rigidity, resulting from backbone cyclization and multiple disulfide bridges, may confer membranolytic selectivity that dissociates antimicrobial activity from hemolytic activity, at least in the series of compounds studied. Protegrin 1 is an 18 residues linear peptide, with an amidated carboxyl terminus and two disulfide bridges. Tachyplesin I contains 17 residues, also has an amidated carboxyl terminus and contains two disulfide bridges. Recently described backbone-cyclic protegrin and tachyplesin analogues typically contain 18 residues and up to three disulfide bridges (J. P. Tam, C. Wu, J.-L. Yang, Eur. J. Biochem. 2000, 267, 3289–3300; J. P. Tam, Y.-A. Lu, J.-L. Yang, Biochemistry 2000, 39, 7159–7169; N. Sitaram, R. Nagaraij, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 2000, 267, 783–790).

Cathelicidin, a 37-residue linear helical-type cationic peptide, and analogues are currently under investigation as inhaled therapeutic agents for cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease (L. Saiman, S. Tabibi, T. D. Starner, P. San Gabriel, P. L. Winokur, H. P. Jia, P. B. McGray, Jr., B. F. Tack, Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 2001, 45, 2838–2844; R. E. W. Hancock, R. Lehrer, Trends Biotechnol. 1998, 16, 82–88). Over 80% of CF patients become chronically infected with pseudomonas aeruginosa (C. A. Demko, P. J. Biard, P. B. Davies, J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1995, 48, 1041–1049; E. M. Kerem, R. Gold, H. Levinson, J. Pediatr. 1990, 116, 714–719).

In addition, there is evidence from the literature that some cationic peptides exibit interesting anticancer activity. Cerecropin B, a 35-residue α-helical cationic peptide isolated from the hemolymph of the giant silk moth, and shorter analogues derived from Cerecropin B have been investigated as potential anticancer compounds (A. J. Moore, D. A. Devine, M. C. Bibby, Peptide Research 1994, 7, 265–269).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the compounds described below, a new strategy is introduced to stabilize β-hairpin conformations in backbone-cyclic cationic peptide mimetic exhibiting antimicrobial and anticancer activity. This involves transplanting the cationic and hydrophobic hairpin sequence onto a template, whose function is to restrain the peptide loop backbone into a hairpin geometry. The rigidity of the hairpin may be further influenced by introducing a disulfide bridge. The template moiety may also act as an attachment point for other organic groups, that may modulate the antimicrobial and/or membranolytic targeting selectivity of the molecule, and be useful for producing dimeric species, where the templates in each monomer unit are linked through a short spacer or linker. Template-bound hairpin mimetic peptides have been described in the literature (D, Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, Adv. Med. Chem. 1999, 4, 1–68; J. A. Robinson, Syn. Lett. 2000, 4, 429–441), but such molecules have not previously been evaluated for development of antimicrobial peptides. However, the ability to generate β-hairpin peptidomimetics using combinatorial and parallel synthesis methods has now been established (L. Jiang, K. Moehle, B. Dhanapal, D. Obrecht, J. A. Robinson, Helv. Chim. Acta. 2000, 83, 3097–3112).

These methods allow the synthesis and screening of large hairpin mimetic libraries, which in turn considerably facilitates structure-activity studies, and hence the discovery of new molecules with potent antimicrobial and anticancer activity and low hemolytic activity to human red blood cells. Furthermore, the present strategy allows to synthesize β-hairpin peptidomimetics with novel selectivities towards different types of pathogens, e.g. towards various multi-rug resistant pseudomonas strains. β-Hairpin peptidomimetics obtained by the approach described here can be used amongst other applications, e.g. as broad spectrum antibiotics, as therapeutics for cystic fibrosis lung disease and anticancer agents.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the present invention are compounds of the general formulae

wherein

is a group of one of the formulae

wherein

is the residue of an L-α-amino acid with B being a residue of formula —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)— or the enantiomer of one of the groups A1 to A69 as defined hereinafter;

is a group of one of the formulae

-   R¹ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower allyl; -   R² is H; allyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³ is H; allyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁶ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁷ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁸ is H; Cl; F; CF₃; NO₂; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl;     aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴; -   R⁹ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁰ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹¹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁶⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₅H₄R⁸; -   R¹² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(r)CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(r)CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹³ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁴ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁵ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s) SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁶ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁷ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁸ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R¹⁹ is lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; or -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R²⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R²¹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²³ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹))_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁵ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁶ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; or -   R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)—; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)—; or     —(CH₂)_(r)R⁵⁷(CH₂)_(r)—; -   R²⁷ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁸ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R²⁹ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s) SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R³¹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³² is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R³³ is H; alkyl, alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹, —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁴ is H; lower alkyl; aryl, or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R³³ and R³⁴ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R³⁵ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁶ is H, alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁷ is H; F; Br, Cl; NO₂; CF₃; lower alkyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CH₆₁)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁸ is H; F; Br; Cl; NO₂; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁴⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁴¹ is H; F; Br; Cl; NO₂; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴² is H; F; Br, Cl; NO₂; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³⁵R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴³ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴⁵ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH²)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴⁶ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴⁷ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; -   R⁴⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁴⁹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; (CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     (CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁶²; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵⁰ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower allyl; -   R⁵⁷ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵³ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵⁴ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)COOR⁵⁷;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)COOR⁵⁷; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁵⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower allyl;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—COR⁶⁴; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁵⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl lower alkyl; or     heteroaryl lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or -   R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁶⁰ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁶¹ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl;     heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —CH₂)_(o)COOR³⁷;     —(CH₂)_(o)R⁵⁸R⁵⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)PO(COR⁶⁰)₂; -   R⁶² is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, heteroaryl; or aryl-lower     alkyl; -   R⁶³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —COR⁶⁴; —COOR⁵⁷; —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —SO₂R⁶²;     or —PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; -   R³⁴ and R⁶³ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁶⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁶⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁶⁶; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; -   R⁶⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, aryl-lower alkyl;     heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —COR⁵⁷; —COOR⁵⁷; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁶⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl;     heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   m is 2–4; o is 0–4; p is 1–4; q is 0–2; r is 1 or 2; s is 0 or 1;

independently have any of the significances defined above for

except (a1) or (a2) with B being —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)— and with A being A80, A81, A90, A91, A95 or A96, and except (f) and (m), but wherein

-   R² is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R³ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁴ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³—; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁵ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁶ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁷ is —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴; or     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁸ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁹ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹⁰ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹¹ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹² is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—, —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹³ is —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹⁴ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹⁵ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹⁶ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹⁷ is —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹⁸ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R¹⁹ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²¹ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²² is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²³ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²⁴ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²⁵ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²⁶ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²⁷ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—,     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²⁸ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R²⁹ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)R³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R³¹ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R³³ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CH₂)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R³⁷ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R³⁸ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁴¹ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁴² is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁴³ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁴⁵ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁴⁷ is —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; -   R⁴⁹ is —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁵¹ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁵² is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁵³ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁵⁴ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁵⁵ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁵⁶ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; or     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   R⁶⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; or     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴—; -   m, o, p, q, r and s being as defined above; -   with the proviso that if more than one of the substituents R² to     R¹⁹, R²¹ to R¹⁹, R³¹, R³³, R³⁷, R³⁸, R⁴¹ to R⁴³, R⁴⁵, R⁴⁷, R⁴⁹, R⁵¹     to R⁵⁶ and R⁶⁴ is present, only one of these has one of the     significances just mentioned whilst the other(s) has/have any of the     significance(s) mentioned earlier; -   L is a direct bond or one of the linkers -   L1: —(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)—; -   L2: —CO(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)CO—; -   L3: —CONR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)NR³⁴CO—; -   L4: —O(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)pCHR⁶¹]_(o)O—; -   L5: —S(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)pCHR⁶¹]_(o)S—; -   L6: —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)pCHR⁶¹]_(o)NR³⁴—; -   L7: —(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹—; -   L8: —CO(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹CO—; -   L9: —CONR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹NR³⁴CO—; -   L10: —O(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹O—; -   L11: —S(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹S—; -   L12: —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹NR³⁴—; -   L13: —CO(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)pCHM⁶¹]_(o)NR³⁴—; -   L14: —CO(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹NR³⁴—; -   L15 —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)pCHR⁶¹]_(o)CO—; and -   L16 —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹CO—; -   m, o, p, q, r and s being as defined above; X being O; S; NR³⁴;     —NR³²CONR³⁴—; or —OCOO—; and Y being —C⁶R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰—; -   R⁶⁷ being H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; -   R⁶⁸ being H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; -   R⁶⁹ being H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; and -   R⁷⁰ being H; Cl; Br, F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; -   with the proviso that at least two of R⁶⁷, R⁶⁸, R⁶⁹ and R⁷⁰ are H;     and -   with the further proviso that -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or L9; -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; or can form a disulfide bond with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CHR²)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; or can form a disulfide bond with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; or can form a disulfide bond with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7,     L8 or L9; or can form a disulfide bond with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or L9;     or form a disulfide bond with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3,     L7, L8 or L9; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3,     L7, L8 or L9; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3,     L7, L8 or L9; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3,     L7, L8 or L9; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or     L9; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6, L1,     L11 or L12; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6, L1,     L11 or L12; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6,     L10, L11 or L12; -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6,     L10, L11 or L12; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6, L10, L11 or     L12; -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14     and the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—,     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14     and the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14     and the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14     and the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)CO—; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; or     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO—; -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—, —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—, —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—, —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and     the resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—, —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—,     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; -   —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; or —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)X—; -   Z, Z¹ and Z² independently are chains of n α-amino acid residues, n     being an integer from 8 to 16, the positions of said amino acid     residues in said chains being counted starting from the N-terminal     amino acid, whereby these amino acid residues are, depending on     their position in the chains, Gly, or Pro, or of formula -A-CO—, or     of formula —B—CO—, or of one of the types -   C: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO—; -   D: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—; -   E: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—; -   F: —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)CO—; and -   H: —NR²⁰—(CH(CO—)—(CH₂)₄₋₇—(CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)SS(CH₂)_(p)—(CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; and     —NR²⁰—(CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)—(CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; -   R⁷¹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)PO(OR⁶²)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)—C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶; -   R⁷² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁵; or     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁵; -   R⁷³ is —(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; or —(CH₂)_(r)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; -   R⁷⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹NR⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR₇₈R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(—NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁶⁴;     —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or     —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower allyl; -   R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁷⁵ and R⁸² taken together can form —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁷⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl;     —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴;     —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or     —(CH₂)_(o)COR⁶⁴; -   R⁷⁷ is —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶; or a heteroaryl group of one of the     formulae

-   R⁷⁸ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁷⁸ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁷⁹ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R⁷⁸ and R⁷⁹, taken together, can be —(CH₂)₂₋₇—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; or     —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁸⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; -   R⁸¹ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁸² is H; lower alkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R³³ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁸³ is H; lower allyl; aryl; or —NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁸⁴ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OH; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or     —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁸⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; -   with the proviso that in said chain(s) of n α-amino acid residues Z,     Z¹ and Z²     -   if n is 8, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 8 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type D or of type F;         -   P3: of type E or of type C, or the residue is Pro;         -   P4: of type E or of formula -A-CO—;         -   P5: of type E or of formula —B—CO—, or the residue is Gly;         -   P6: of type D, or the residue is Pro;         -   P7: of type or of type C or of type D; and         -   P8: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro; or         -   P2 and P7, taken together, can form a group of type H; and             at P4 and P5 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 9, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 9 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type D or of type F;         -   P3: of type C or of type D or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P4: of type E or of type D, or the residue is Pro;         -   P5: of type E, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P6: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P7: of type E or of type D or of type C, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P8: of type E or of type D; and         -   P9: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro; or         -   P2 and P8, taken together, can form a group of type H; and             at P4, P5 and P6 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 10, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 10 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type D, or the residue is Pro;         -   P3: of type C or of type E;         -   P4: of type E or of type D or of type F, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P5: of type E or of type F or of formula -A-CO—, or the             residue is Gly;         -   P6: of type E or of formula —B—CO—, or the residue is Gly;         -   P7: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P8: of type D or of type E;         -   P9: of type E or of type D or of type C, or the residue is             Pro; and         -   P10: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F; or         -   P3 and P8, taken together, can form a group of type H; and             at P5 and P6 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 11, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 11 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type C or of type D;         -   P3: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P4: of type E or of type C or of type F;         -   P5: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P6: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P7: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P8: of type D or of type E or of type F;         -   P9: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P10: of type E or of type C or of type D; and         -   P11: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or             the residue is Pro; or         -   P4 and P8 and/or P2 and P10, taken together, can form a             group of type H; and at P5, P6 and P7 also D-isomers being             possible;     -   if n is 12, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 12 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D, or the residue is Pro;         -   P4: of type E or of type F or of type D;         -   P5: of type E or of type D or of type C, or the residue is             Gly or Pro;         -   P6: of type E or of type F or of formula -A-CO—, or the             residue is Gly;         -   P7: of type E or of type F or of formula —B—CO—;         -   P8: of type D or of type C, or the residue is Pro;         -   P9: of type E or of type D or of type F;         -   P10: of type D or of type C, or the residue is Pro;         -   P11: of type E or of type D; and         -   P12: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or             the residue is Pro; or         -   P4 and P9 and/or P2 and P11, taken together, can form a             group of type H; and         -   at P6 and P7 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 13, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 13 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type F or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P4: of type E of type C or of type F;         -   P5: of type E or of type D, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P6: of type B or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P7: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Pro;         -   P8: of type D or of type E or of type F, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P9: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P10: of type E or of type C or of type F;         -   P11: of type C or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P12: of type E or of type D or of type C; and         -   P13: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or             the residue is Pro; or P4 and P10 and/or P2 and P12, taken             together, can form a group of type H; and at P6, P7 and P8             also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 14, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 14 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type C or of type D, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P3: of type C or of type D or of type E;         -   P4: of type D or of type C or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P5: of type E or of type D;         -   P6: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P7: of type E or of type F or of formula -A-CO—, or the             residue is Gly;         -   P8: of type E or of type F or of formula —B—CO—, or the             residue is Gly;         -   P9: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P10: of type C or of type D or of type E;         -   P11: of type E or of type D or of type F, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P12: of type D or of type E;         -   P13: of type E or of type C or of type D, or the residue is             Pro; and         -   P14: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or             the residue is Pro; or         -   P5 and P10 and/or P3 and P12, taken together, can form a             group of type H; and at P7 and P8 also D-isomers being             possible;     -   if n is 15, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 15 are:         -   P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or the             residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type F or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P4: of type E or of type D or of type F;         -   P5: of type C or of type D or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P6: of type E or of type D or of type F;         -   P7: of type C or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P8: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P9: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P10: of type E or of type D;         -   P11: of type C or of type D or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P12: of type E or of type C or of type F;         -   P13: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P14: of type E or of type C or of type D; and         -   P15: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or             the residue is Pro; or     -   P6 and P10 and/or P4 and P12 and/or P2 and P14, taken together,         can form a group of type H; and at P7, P8 and P9 also D-isomers         being possible; and     -   if n is 16, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 16 are:         -   P1: of type D, or of type E or of type C or of type F, or             the residue is Pro;         -   P2: of type E or of type F or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P4: of type E or of type D or of type F;         -   P5: of type D or of type C or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P6: of type E or of type D;         -   P7: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly or Pro;         -   P8: of type E or of type F or of formula -A-CO—, or the             residue is Gly;         -   P9: of type E or of formula —B—CO—, or the residue is Gly;         -   P10: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P11: of type E or of type C or of type D;         -   P12: of type D or of type C or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P13; of type E or of type C or of type F;         -   P14: of type C or of type D or of type E, or the residue is             Pro;         -   P15: of type E or of type C or of type D; and         -   P16: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F, or             the residue is Pro; or         -   P6 and P11 and/or P4 and P13 and/or P2 and P15, taken             together, can form a group of type H; and at P8 and P9 also             D-isomers being possible;             and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In accordance with the present invention these β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be prepared by a process which comprises

-   (a) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with an     appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the     desired end-product is in position n/2, n/2+1 or n/2−1 if n is an     even number and, respectively, in position n/2+½ or n/2−½ if n is an     odd number, any functional group which may be present in said     N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately     protected; -   (b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; -   (c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately     N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired     end-product is one position nearer the N-terminal amino acid     residue, any functional group which may be present in said     N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately     protected; -   (d) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; -   (e) repeating, if necessary, steps (c) and (d) until the N-terminal     amino acid residue has been introduced; -   (f) coupling the product thus obtained to a compound of the general     formula

wherein

is as defined above and X is an N-protecting group or, if

is to be group (a1) or (a2), above, alternatively

-   -   (fa) coupling the product obtained in step (d) or (e) with an         appropriately N-protected derivative of an amino acid of the         general formula         HOOC—B—H  III         or         HOOC-A-H  IV     -   wherein B and A are as defined above, any functional group which         may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being         likewise appropriately protected;     -   (fb) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus         obtained; and     -   (fc) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately         N-protected derivative of an amino acid of the above general         formula IV and, respectively, III, any functional group which         may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being         likewise appropriately protected;

-   (g) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained in     step (f) or (fc);

-   (h) coupling the product thus obtained to an appropriately     N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired     end-product is in position n, any functional group which may be     present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise     appropriately protected;

-   (i) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained;

-   (j) coupling the product thus obtained to an appropriately     N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired     end-product is one position farther away from position n, any     functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid     derivative being likewise appropriately protected;

-   (k) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained;

-   (l) repeating, if necessary, steps (j) and (k) until all amino acid     residues have been introduced;

-   (m) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several protected     functional group(s) present in the molecule and appropriately     substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated;

-   (o) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support;

-   (p) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support;

-   (q) if, desired     -   (qa) forming one or several interstrand linkage(s) between         side-chains of appropriate amino acid residues at opposite         positions of the β-stand region; and/or     -   (qb) connecting two building blocks of the type of formula Ia         via a bridge -G1-L-G2-;

-   (r) removing any protecting groups present on functional groups of     any members of the chain of amino acid residues and, if desired, any     protecting group(s) which may in addition be present in the     molecule; and

-   (s) if desired, converting the product thus obtained into a     pharmaceutically acceptable salt or converting a pharmaceutically     acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the     corresponding free compound of formula I or into a different,     pharmaceutically acceptable, salt.

The peptidomimetics of the present invention can also be enantiomers of the compounds of formulae Ia and Ib. These enantiomers can be prepared by a modification of the above process in which enantiomers of all chiral starting materials are used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used in this description, the term “alkyl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24, preferably up to 12, carbon atoms. Similarly, the term “alkenyl” designates straight chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24, preferably up to 12, carbon atoms and containing at least one or, depending on the chain length, up to four olefinic double bonds. The term “lower” designates radicals and compounds having up to 6 carbon atoms. Thus, for example, the term “lower alkyl” designates saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl and the like. The term “aryl” designates aromatic carbocyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing one or two six-membered rings, such as phenyl or naphthyl, which may be substituted by up to three substituents such as Br, Cl, F, CF₃, NO₂, lower alkyl or lower alkenyl. The term “heteroaryl” designates aromatic heterocyclic radicals containing one or two five- and/or six-membered rings, at least one of them containing up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N and said ring(s) being optionally substituted; representative examples of such optionally substituted heteroaryl radicals are indicated hereinabove in connection with the definition of R⁷⁷.

The structural element -A-CO— designates amino acid building blocks which in combination with the structural element —B—CO— form templates (a1) and (a2). Templates (a) through (p) constitute building blocks which have an N-terminus and a C-terminus oriented in space in such a way that the distance between those two groups may lie between 4.0–5.5 A. A peptide chain Z, Z¹ or Z² is linked to the C-terminus and the N-terminus of the templates (a) through (p) via the corresponding N- and C-termini so that the template and the chain form a cyclic structure such as that depicted in formula Ia. In a case as here where the distance between the N- and C-termini of the template lies between 4.0–5.5 A the template will induce the H-bond network necessary for the formation of a β-hairpin conformation in the peptide chain Z, Z¹ or Z². Thus template and peptide chain form a β-hairpin mimetic. The β-hairpin mimetics can also be coupled through groups G1 and G2 and a linker unit L to form the dimeric constructs of formula Ib.

The β-hairpin conformation is highly relevant for the antibiotic and anticancer activities of the β-hairpin mimetics of the present invention. The β-hairpin stabilizing conformational properties of the templates (a) through (p) play a key role not only for antibiotic and anticancer activity but also for the synthesis process defined hereinabove, as incorporation of the templates near the middle of the linear protected peptide precursors enhance significantly cyclization yields.

Building blocks A1–A69 belong to a class of amino acids wherein the N-terminus is a secondary amine forming part of a ring. Among the genetically encoded amino acids only proline falls into this class. The configuration of building block A1 through A69 is (D), and they are combined with a building block —B—CO— of (L)-configuration. Preferred combinations for templates (a1) are-^(D)A1-CO-^(L)B-CO— to ^(D)A69-CO-^(L)B-CO—. Thus, for example, ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro constitutes the prototype of templates (a1). Less preferred, but possible are combinations where templates (a2) are -^(L)A1-CO-^(D)B-CO— to ^(L)A69-CO-^(D)BCO—. Thus, for example, ^(L)Pro-^(D)Pro constitutes a less preferred prototype of template (a2).

It will be appreciated that building blocks -A1-CO— to -A69-CO— in which A has (D)-configuration, are carrying a group R¹ at the α-position to the N-terminus. The preferred values for R¹ are H and lower alkyl with the most preferred values for R¹ being H and methyl. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art, that A1–A69 are shown in (D)-configuration which, for R¹ being H and methyl, corresponds to the (R)-configuration. Depending on the priority of other values for R¹ according to the Cahn, Ingold and Prelog-rules, this configuration may also have to be expressed as (S).

In addition to R¹ building blocks -A¹-CO— to -A69-CO— can carry an additional substituent designated as R² to R¹⁷. This additional substituent can be H, and if it is other than H, it is preferably a small to medium-sized aliphatic or aromatic group. Examples of preferred values for R² to R¹⁷ are:

-   -   R²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; (CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower allyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or         lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—, where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)S⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁵: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁷: where H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; and aryl-lower alkyl;         heteroaryl-lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁶: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R₂₀)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁷: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         (CH₂)_(q)NR₂₀CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl; R³³:         H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or         R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl;         R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where         R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where         R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl;         or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵         (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶         (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴         (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower         alkyl; R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or         lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂₎ ₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁹: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵, (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower allyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁰: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—, or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹³: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)COO⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁴: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)C⁶H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁵: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         particularly favoured are NR²⁰CO lower alkyl (R²⁰=H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower         alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁶: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R¹⁷: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).

Among the building blocks A1 to A69 the following are preferred: A5 with R² being H, A8, A22, A25, A38 with R² being H, A42, A47, and A50. Most preferred are building blocks of type A8′:

wherein R²⁰ is H or lower alkyl; and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; especially those wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl (A8′-1); n-heptyl (A8′-2); 4-(phenyl)benzyl (A8′-3); diphenylmethyl (A8′-4); 3-amino-propyl (A8′-5); 5-amino-pentyl (A8′-6); methyl (A8′-7); ethyl (A8′-8); isopropyl (A8′-9); isobutyl (A8′-10); n-propyl (A8′-11); cyclohexyl (A8′-12); cyclohexylmethyl (A8′-13); n-butyl (A8′-14); phenyl (A8′-15); benzyl (A8′-16); (3-indolyl)methyl (A8′-17); 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl (A8′-18); (4-phenyl)phenyl (A8′-19); and n-nonyl (A8′-20).

Building block A70 belongs to the class of open-chained α-substituted α-amino acids, building blocks A71 and A72 to the corresponding β-amino acid analogues and building blocks A73–A104 to the cyclic analogues of A70. Such amino acid derivatives have been shown to constrain small peptides in well defined reverse turn or U-shaped conformations (C. M. Venkatachalam, Biopolymers, 1968, 6, 1425–1434; W. Kabsch, C Sander, Biopolymers 1983, 22, 2577). Such building blocks or templates are ideally suited for the stabilization of β-hairpin conformations in peptide loops (D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, “Novel Peptide Mimetic Building Blocks and Strategies for Efficient Lead Finding”, Adv. Med Chem. 1999, Vol. 4, 1–68; P. Balaram, “Non-standard amino acids in peptide design and protein engineering”, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1992, 2, 845–851; M. Crisma, G. Valle, C. Toniolo, S. Prasad, R. B. Rao, P. Balaram, “β-turn conformations in crystal structures of model peptides containing α,α-disubstituted amino acids”, Biopolymers 1995, 35, 1–9; V. J. Hruby, F. Al-Obeidi, W. Kazmierski, Biochem. J. 1990, 268, 249–262).

It has been shown that both enantiomers of building blocks -A70-CO— to A104-CO— in combination with a building block —B—CO— of L-configuration can efficiently stabilize and induce β-hairpin conformations (D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, “Novel Peptide Mimetic Building Blocks and Strategies for Efficient Lead Finding”, Adv. Med Chem 1999, Vol. 4, 1–68; D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schorholm, K. Müller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chin. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, J. Daly, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 10883–10900; D. Obrecht, C. Lehmann, C. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 1567–1587; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580; D. Obrecht, H. Karajiannis, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 703–714).

Thus, for the purposes of the present invention templates (a1) can also consist of -A70-CO— to A104-CO— where building block A70 to A104 is of either (D)- or (L)-configuration, in combination with a building block —B—CO— of (L)-configuration.

Preferred values for R²⁰ in A70 to A104 are H or lower alkyl with methyl being most preferred. Preferred values for R¹⁸, R¹⁹ and R²¹–R²⁹ in building blocks A70 to A104 are the following:

-   -   R¹⁸: lower alkyl.     -   R¹⁹: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)O(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         (CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²²: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)R³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         particularly favoured are NR²⁰CO lower alkyl (R²⁰=H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower         alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃, lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy);     -   R²⁴: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         particularly favoured are NR²⁰CO lower alkyl (R²⁰=H ; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower         alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy);     -   R²⁵: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁶: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   Alternatively. R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together can be —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl).     -   R²⁷: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁸: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰: H; or         lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁹: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)_(o)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰:         H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         particularly favored are NR²⁰CO lower-alkyl (R²⁰=H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower         alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).

For templates (b) to (p), such as (b1) and (c1), the preferred values for the various symbols are the following:

-   -   R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵         (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(s)R⁵⁶ (where         R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where         R³³: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or         R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl.     -   R³⁰: H, methyl.     -   R³¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         (—(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(r)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); most preferred is —CH₂CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (R⁵⁸:         H; or lower alkyl; R⁵⁹: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl).     -   R³²: H, methyl.     -   R³³: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R⁶³ (where R³⁴:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁶³: H; or lower alkyl; or R³⁴         and R⁶³ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); (CH₂)_(m)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸² (where R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁷⁵ and R⁸² taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R⁷⁸: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R⁷⁸ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl).     -   R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl.     -   R³⁵: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl).     -   R³⁶: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl.     -   R³⁷: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H;         or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl;         R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where         R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where         R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or         R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R³⁸: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁸² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R³⁹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where:         R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl).     -   R⁴⁰: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl.     -   R⁴¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—,         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆C₄R⁸ (where R⁸¹: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—, where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)R²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl; R³³:         H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or         R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl;         R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where         R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where         R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or         R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴⁴: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁸ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴⁵: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴⁶: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(s)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(s)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(s)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(s)N(R²⁰)_(o)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰:         H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—, or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R³ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁴⁷: H; or OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl).     -   R⁴⁸: H; or lower alkyl.     -   R⁴⁹: H; lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl;         or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl;         or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken         together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         (CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁵⁰: H; methyl.     -   R⁵¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and         R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); (CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(r)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸⁵: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁵²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁷: H;         or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower         alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷         (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹         (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower         alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or —(CH₂)_(r)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F;         Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁵³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R³⁴ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or         lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together         form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H;         or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(r)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   R⁵⁴: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl.

Among the building blocks A70 to A104 the following are preferred: A74 with R²² being H, A75, A76, A77 with R²² being H, A78 and A79.

The building block —B—CO— within template (a1) and (a2) designates an L-amino acid residue. Preferred values for B are: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)— and enantiomers of groups A5 with R² being H, A8, A22, A25, A38 with R² being H, A42, A47, and A50. Most preferred are

Ala L-Alanine Arg L-Arginine Asn L-Asparagine Cys L-Cysteine Gln L-Glutamine Gly Glycine His L-Histidine Ile L-Isoleucine Leu L-Leucine Lys L-Lysine Met L-Methionine Phe L-Phenylalanine Pro L-Proline Ser L-Serine Thr L-Threonine Trp L-Tryptophan Tyr L-Tyrosine Val L-Valine Cit L-Citrulline Orn L-Ornithine tBuA L-t-Butylalanine Sar Sarcosine t-BuG L-tert.-Butylglycine 4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine 3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine 2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(mNHC (NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine Phe(pNHC (NH₂)═NH) L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine Phg L-Phenylglycine Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine Nle L-Norleucine 2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine 1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine 4Cl-Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine 3Cl-Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine 2Cl-Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine 3,4Cl₂-Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine 4F-Phe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine 3F-Phe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine 2F-Phe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine Tic L-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine Mso L-Methionine sulfoxide AcLys L-N-Acetyllysine Dpr L-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid A₂Bu L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid Dbu (S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid Abu γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Aha ε-Aminohexanoic acid Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine Bip L-Biphenylalanine S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine hCys L-Homo-cysteine hSer L-Homo-serine hArg L-Homo-arginine hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine Pip L-Pipecolic acid OctG L-Octylglycine MePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine MeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine MeAla L-N-Methylalanine MeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine MeVal L-N-Methvaline MeLeu L-N-Methylleucine

In addition, the most preferred values for B also include groups of type A8″ of (L)-configuration:

wherein R²⁰ is H or lower alkyl and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; especially those wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl (A8″-21); n-heptyl (A8″-22); 4-(phenyl)benzyl (A8″-23); diphenylmethyl (A8″-24); 3-amino-propyl (A8″-25); 5-amino-pentyl (A8″-26); methyl (A8″-27); ethyl (A8″-28); isopropyl (A8″-29); isobutyl (A8″-30); n-propyl (A8″-31); cyclohexyl (A8″-32); cyclohexyhnethyl (A8″-33); n-butyl (A8″-34); phenyl (A8″-35); benzyl (A8″-36), (3-indolyl)methyl (A8″-37); 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl (A8″-38); (4-phenyl)phenyl (A8″-39); and n-nonyl (A8″-40).

The peptidic chains Z, Z¹ and Z² of the β-hairpin mimetics described herein are generally defined in terms of amino acid residues belonging to one of the following groups:

-   -   Group C —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO—; “hydrophobic: small to medium-sized”     -   Group D —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—; “hydrophobic: large aromatic or         heteroaromatic”     -   Group E —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—; “polar-cationic”, “acylamino” and         “urea-derived”     -   Group F —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)CO—; “polar-non-charged”     -   Group H —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)₄₋₇—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)SS(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(p) —CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; and         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         “interstrand linkage”

Furthermore, the amino acid residues in chains Z, Z¹ and Z² can also be of formula -A-CO— or of formula —B—CO— wherein A and B are as defined above. Finally, Gly can also be an amino acid residue in chains Z, Z¹ and Z², and Pro can be an amino acid residue in chains Z, Z¹ and Z², too, with the exception of positions where interstrand linkages (E) are possible.

Group C comprises amino acid residues with small to medium-sized hydrophobic side chain groups according to the general definition for substituent R⁷². A hydrophobic residue refers to an amino acid side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH and that is repelled by aqueous solution. Furthermore these side chains generally do not contain hydrogen bond donor groups, such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas. However, they may contain hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as ethers, thioethers, esters, tertiary amides, alkyl- or aryl phosphonates and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded small-to-medium-sized amino acids include alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine and valine.

Group D comprises amino acid residues with aromatic and heteroaromatic side chain groups according to the general definition for substituent R⁷³. An aromatic amino acid residue refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-electron system (aromatic group). In addition they may contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas, and hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, alkyl—or aryl phosphonates—and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded aromatic amino acids include phenylalanine and tyrosine.

A heteroaromatic amino acid residue refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-system incorporating at least one heteroatom such as (but not limited to) O, S and N according to the general definition for substituent R⁷⁷. In addition such residues may contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas, and hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, alkyl—or aryl phosphonates and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded heteroaromatic amino acids include tryptophan and histidine.

Group E comprises amino acids containing side chains with polar-cationic, acylamino- and urea-derived residues according to the general definition for substituen R⁷⁴. Polar-cationic refers to a basic side chain which is protonated at physiological pH. Genetically encoded polar-cationic amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. Citrulline is an example for an urea derived amino acid residue.

Group F comprises amino acids containing side chains with polar-non-charged residues according to the general definition for substituent R⁸⁴. A polar-non-charged residue refers to a hydrophilic side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH, but that is not repelled by aqueous solutions. Such side chains typically contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas. These groups can form hydrogen bond networks with water molecules. In addition they may also contain hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, alkyl- or aryl phosphonates and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded polar-non-charged amino acids include asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, serine and threonine.

Group H comprises side chains of preferably (L)-amino acids at opposite positions of the β-strand region that can form an interstrand linkage. The most widely known linkage is the disulfide bridge formed by cysteines and homo-cysteines positioned at opposite positions of the β-strand. Various methods are known to form disulfide linkages including those described by: J. P. Tam et al. Synthesis 1979, 955–957; Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2d Ed., Pierce Chemical Company, III., 1984; Ahmed et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1975, 250, 8477–8482; and Pennington et al., Peptides, pages 164–166, Giralt and Andreu, Eds., ESCOM Leiden, The Netherlands, 1990. Most advantageously, for the scope of the present invention, disulfide linkages can be prepared as described hereinafter in the pertinent Examples (procedure 3), using acetamidomethyl (Acm)—protective groups for cysteine. A well established interstrand linkage consists in linking ornithines and lysines, respectively, with glutamic and aspartic acid residues located at opposite β-strand positions by means of an amide bond formation. Preferred protective groups for the side chain amino-groups of ornithine and lysine are alkyloxycarbonyl (Alloc) and alkylesters for aspartic and glutamic acid as described hereinafter in the pertinent Examples (procedure 4). Finally, interstrand linkages can also be established by linking the amino groups of lysine and omithine located at opposite β-strand positions with reagents such as N,N-arbonylimidazole to form cyclic ureas.

As mentioned earlier, positions for interstrand linkages are the following:

-   -   If n=8: Positions P2 and n taken together,     -   if n=9: Positions P2 and P8 taken together,     -   if n=10:Positions P3 and P8 taken together,     -   if n=11:Positions P4 and P8; and/or P2 and P10 taken together;     -   if n=12:Positions P4 and P9; and/or P2 and P11 taken together,     -   if n=13:Positions P4 and P10; and/or Positions P2 and P12 taken         together;     -   if n=14:Positions P5 and P10; and/or P3 and P12 taken together;         and     -   if n=15:Positions P6 and P10; and/or P4 and P12; and/or n and         P14.     -   if n=16:Positions P6 and P11; and/or P4 and P13; and/or P2 and         P15 taken together.

Such interstrand linkages are known to stabilize the β-hairpin conformations and thus constitute an important structural element for the design of β-hairpin mimetics.

Most preferred amino acid residues chains Z, Z¹ and Z² are those derived from natural α-amino acids. Hereinafter follows a list of amino acids which, or the residues of which, are suitable for the purposes of the present invention, the abbreviations corresponding to generally adopted usual practice:

three letter code one letter code Ala L-Alanine A Arg L-Arginine R Asn L-Asparagine N Asp L-Aspartic acid D Cys L-Cysteine C Glu L-Glutamic acid E Gln L-Glutamine Q Gly Glycine G His L-Histidine H Ile L-Isoleucine I Leu L-Leucine L Lys L-Lysine K Met L-Methionine M Phe L-Phenylalanine F Pro L-Proline P ^(D)Pro D-Proline ^(D)P Ser L-Serine S Thr L-Threonine T Trp L-Tryptophan W Tyr L-Tyrosine Y Val L-Valine V

Other α-amino acids which, or the residues of which, are suitable for the purposes of the present invention include:

Cit L-Citrulline Orn L-Ornithine tBuA L-t-Butylalanine Sar Sarcosine Pen L-Penicillamine t-BuG L-tert-Butylglycine 4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine 3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine 2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(mNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine Phg L-Phenylglycine Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine Nle L-Norleucine 2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine 1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine 4Cl-Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine 3Cl-Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine 2Cl-Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine 3,4Cl₂-Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine 4F-Phe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine 3F-Phe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine 2F-Phe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine Tic 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3- carboxylic acid Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine Mso L-Methionine sulfoxide AcLys N-Acetyllysine Dpr 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid A₂Bu 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid Dbu (S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid Abu γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Aha ε-Aminohexanoic acid Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine Bip L-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine hCys L-Homo-cysteine hSer L-Homo-serine hArg L-Homo-arginine hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine 4-AmPyrr1 (2S,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 4-AmPyrr2 (2S,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 4-PhePyrr1 (2S,5R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 4-PhePyrr2 (2S,5S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 5-PhePyrr1 (2S,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 5-PhePyrr2 (2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid Pro(4-OH)1 (4S)-L-Hydroxyproline Pro(4-OH)2 (4R)-L-Hydroxyproline Pip L-Pipecolic acid ^(D)Pip D-Pipecolic acid OctG L-Octylglycine MePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine MeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine MeAla L-N-Methylalanine MeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine MeVal L-N-Methylvaline MeLeu L-N-Methylleucine

Particularly preferred residues for group C are:

Ala L-Alanine Ile L-Isoleucine Leu L-Leucine Met L-Methionine Val L-Valine tBuA L-t-Butylalanine t-BuG L-tert-Butylglycine Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine Nle L-Norleucine hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine OctG L-Octylglycine MePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine MeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine MeAla L-N-Methylalanine MeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine MeVal L-N-Methylvaline MeLeu L-N-Methylleucine

Particularlily preferred residues for group D are:

His L-Histidine Phe L-Phenylalanine Trp L-Tryptophan Tyr L-Tyrosine Phg L-Phenylglycine 2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine 1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine 4Cl-Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine 3Cl-Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine 2Cl-Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine 3,4Cl₂-Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine 4F-Phe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine 3F-Phe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine 2F-Phe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine Bip L-Biphenylalanine S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine

Particularly preferred residues for group E are

Arg L-Arginine Lys L-Lysine Orn L-Ornithine Dpr L-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid A₂Bu L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid Dbu (S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid Phe(pNH₂) L-para-Aminophenylalanine Phe(mNH₂) L-meta-Aminophenylalanine Phe(oNH₂) L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine hArg L-Homo-arginine Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(mNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine Phe(pNHC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine Cit L-Citrulline

Particularly preferred residues for group F are

Asn L-Asparagine Cys L-Cysteine Glu L-Glutamine Ser L-Serine Thr L-Threonine Cit L-Citrulline Pen L-Penicillamine AcLys L-N^(ε)-Acetyllysine hCys L-Homo-cysteine hSer L-Homo-serine

In the dimeric structures Ib the preferred substituents forming groups G1 and G2 are the following, with the proviso that R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; and R⁶¹ is H:

-   -   R²: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁵: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁶: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁸: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁹: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R¹⁰: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R¹¹: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R¹⁴: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R¹⁵: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R¹⁶: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R¹⁸: —(CH₂)_(p)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—     -   R¹⁹: —(CH₂)_(p)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—     -   R²¹: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R²³: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R²⁴: —(CH₂)_(o)O—, —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R²⁵: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R²⁶: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R²⁸: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R²⁹: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R³¹: —(CH₂)_(p)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—     -   R³⁷: —(CH₂)_(p)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R³⁸: —(CH₂)_(p)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁴¹: —(CH₂)_(p)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁴²: —(CH₂)_(p)O—; —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁴⁵: —(CH₂)_(o)O—; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(s)CO—     -   R⁴⁷: —(CH₂)_(o)O—     -   R⁴⁹: —(CH₂)_(s)O—; —(CH₂)_(s)CO—     -   R⁵¹: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁵²: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   R⁵³: —(CH₂)_(m)O—; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴—; —(CH₂)_(o)CO—         and with the further provisos that the preferred linker         molecules L are as defined below, that R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl;         X is O; S; NR³⁴; —NR³⁴CONR³⁴; or —OCOO—; and Y is         C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰;     -   L1: —(CH₂)_(p)[X(CH₂)_(p)]_(o)—     -   L2: —CO(CH₂)_(p)[X(CHR²)_(p)]_(o)CO—     -   L3: —CONR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)[X(CH₂)_(p)]_(o)NR³⁴CO—     -   L4: —O(CH₂)_(p)[X(CH₂)_(p)]_(o)O—     -   L6: —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)[X(CH₂)_(p)]_(o)NR³⁴—     -   L7: —(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)—     -   L8: —CO(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)CO—     -   L9: —CONR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)NR³⁴CO—     -   L10: —O(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)O—     -   L11:—S(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)S—     -   L12: —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)NR³⁴—     -   L13: —CO(CH₂)_(p)[X(CH₂)_(p)]_(o)NR³⁴—     -   L14: —CO(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)NR³⁴—     -   L15 —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)[X(CH₂)_(p)]_(o)CO—     -   L16 —NR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)Y(CH₂)_(o)CO—         with the proviso that

-   —(CH₂)_(m)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or L9;

-   —(CH₂)_(o)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or L9;

-   —(CH₂)_(p)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or L9;

-   —(CH₂)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or L9;

-   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴— can be combined with liker L, L2, L3, L7, L8 or L9;

-   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or     L9;

-   —(CH₂)_(p)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L1, L2, L3, L7, L8 or     L9;

-   —(CH₂)_(o)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6, L10, L11 or     L12;

-   —(CH₂)_(p)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6, L10, L11 or     L12;

-   —(CH₂)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L4, L5, L6, L10, L11 or     L12;

-   —(CH₂)_(m)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)CO—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—; or     —(CH₂)_(s)CO—;

-   —(CH₂)_(o)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)CO—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—; or     —(CH₂)_(s)CO—;

-   (CH₂)_(p)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the resulting     combination with —(CH₂)_(o)CO—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—; or —(CH₂)_(s)CO—;

-   —(CH₂)_(s)O— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)CO—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—; or     —(CH₂)_(s)CO—;

-   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)CO—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—; or     —(CH₂)_(s)CO—;

-   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)CO—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—; or     —(CH₂)_(s)CO—;

-   —(CH₂)_(p)NR³⁴— can be combined with linker L13 or L14 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(o)CO—; —(CH₂)_(p)CO—; or     —(CH₂)_(s)CO—;

-   —(CH₂)_(o)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)X—; —(CH₂)_(o)X—; —(CH₂)_(p)X—;     or —(CH₂)_(q)—;

-   —(CH₂)_(p)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)X—; —(CH₂)_(o)X—; —(CH₂)_(p)X—;     or —(CH₂)_(q)X—;

-   —(CH₂)_(s)CO— can be combined with linker L15 or L16 and the     resulting combination with —(CH₂)_(m)X—; —(CH₂)_(o)X—; —(CH₂)_(p)X—;     or —(CH₂)_(q)X—.

Generally, the peptidic chain Z, Z¹ or Z² within the β-hairpin mimetics of the invention comprises 8–16 amino acid residues (n=8–16). The positions P¹ to P^(n) of each amino acid residue in the chain Z, Z¹ or Z² are unequivocally defined as follows: P¹ represents the first amino acid in the chain Z, Z¹ or Z² that is coupled with its N-terminus to the C-terminus of the templates (b)–(p) or of group —B—CO— in template (a1), or of group -A-CO— in template a2, and P^(n) represents the last amino acid in the chain Z, Z¹ or Z² that is coupled with its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the templates (b)–(p) or of group -A-CO— in template (a1) or of group —B—CO— in template (a2). Each of the positions P¹ to P^(n) will preferably contain an amino acid residue belonging to one or two of above types C to F, as follows:

-   -   If n is 8, the amino acid residues in position 1–8 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type E;         -   P4: of type E or of formula -A1–A69-CO—;         -   P5: of type E or of formula —B—CO—;         -   P6: of type D;         -   P7: of type E; or of type D and         -   P8: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   at P4 and P5 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 9, the amino acid residues in position 1–9 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type C;         -   P4: of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P5: of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P6: of type D or of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P7: of type E or of type D;         -   P8: of type E; or of type D and         -   P9: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   at P4, P5 and P6 also D isomers being possible;     -   if n is 10, the amino acid residues in position 1–10 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type C;         -   P4: of type E or of type D;         -   P5: of type E or of formula -A1–A69CO—;         -   P6: of type E or of formula —B—CO—;         -   P7: of type D or of type E;         -   P8: of type D;         -   P9: of type E; or of type D and         -   P10: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   at P5 and P6 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 11, the amino acid residues in position 1–11 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type D;         -   P4: of type E or of type C;         -   P5: of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P6: of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P7: of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P8: of type D or of type E;         -   P9: of type D;         -   P10: of type E; or of type D and         -   P11: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   at P5, P6 and P7 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 12, the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C or of type E; or of type D; or of type F;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D;         -   P4: of type E;         -   P5: of type E; or of type C;         -   P6: of type E or of type F or of formula -A1–A69-CO—;         -   P7: of type E or of formula —B—CO—;         -   P8: of type D;         -   P9: of type E or of ype D;         -   P10: of type D;         -   P11: of type E; or of type D and         -   P12: of type C or of type E; or of type D; or of type F;         -   at P6 and P7 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 13, the amino acid residues in position 1–13 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D;         -   P4: of type E or of type C;         -   P5: of type E or of type D;         -   P6: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Pro;         -   P7: of type E, or the residue is Pro;         -   P8: of type D, or the residue is Pro;         -   P9: of type D;         -   P10: of type E or of type C;         -   P11: of type C or of type D;         -   P12: of type E; or of type D and         -   P13: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   at P6, P7 and P8 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 14, the amino acid residues in position 1–14 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D;         -   P4: of type D;         -   P5: of type E;         -   P6: of type E;         -   P7: of type E or of type F or of formula -A1–A69-CO—;         -   P8: of type E or of formula —B—CO—;         -   P9: of type D;         -   P10: of type C;         -   P11: of type E or of type D;         -   P12: of type D or of type C;         -   P13: of type E; or of type D and         -   P14: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   at P7 and P8 also D-isomers being possible;     -   if n is 15, the amino acid residues in position 1–15 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type C and of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type C and of type D;         -   P4: of type E or of type C;         -   P5: of type C;         -   P6: of type E or of type D;         -   P7: of type C, or the residue is Pro;         -   P8: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Pro;         -   P9: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Pro;         -   P10: of type E;         -   P11: of type C;         -   P12: of type E or of type C;         -   P13: of type D or of type C;         -   P14: of type E; or of type D and         -   P15: of type C and of type D; or of type E;         -   at P7, P8 and P9 also D-isomers being possible; and     -   if n is 16, the amino acid residues in position 1–16 are         preferably:         -   P1: of type D; or of type E;         -   P2: of type E; or of type D;         -   P3: of type C or of type D;         -   P4: of type E or of type D;         -   P5: of type D;         -   P6: of type E;         -   P7: of type E or of type F;         -   P8: of type E or of type F or of formula -A1–A69-CO—;         -   P9: of type E or of formula —B—CO—;         -   P10: of type D;         -   P11: of type E;         -   P12: of type D;         -   P13: of type E or of type C;         -   P14: of type C or of type D;         -   P15: of type E; or of type D and         -   P16: of type C or of type D; or of type E;         -   at P8 and P9 also D-isomers being possible.

If n is 12, the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are most preferably:

-   -   P1: Leu; Arg; Lys; Tyr; Trp; Val; Gln; or 4-AmPhe;     -   P2: Arg; Trp; or Gln;     -   P3: Leu; Val; Ile; or Phe;     -   P4: Lys; Arg; Gln; or Orn;     -   P5: Lys; or Arg,     -   P6: Arg; Y(Bzl); or ^(D)Y(Bzl);     -   P7: Arg;     -   P8: Trp; Bip; 1-Nal; Y(Bzl); or Val;     -   P9: Lys; Arg; Orn; Tyr, Trp; or Gln;     -   P10: Tyr; T(Bzl); or Y(Bzl);     -   P11: Arg; or Tyr; and     -   P12: Val; Arg; 1-Nal; or 4-AmPhe.

Particularly preferred β-peptidomimetics of the invention include those described in Examples 106, 137, 161, 197, 206, 222, 230, 250, 256, 267, 277, 281, 283, 284, 285, 286, 289, 294, 295, 296, 297, and 298.

The process of the invention can advantageously be carried out as parallel array synthesis to yield libraries of template-fixed β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the above general formula I. Such parallel synthesis allows one to obtain arrays of numerous (normally 24 to 192, typically 96) compounds of general formula I in high yields and defined purities, minimizing the formation of dimeric and polymeric by-products. The proper choice of the functionalized solid-support (i.e. solid support plus linker molecule), templates and site of cyclization play thereby key roles.

The functionalized solid support is conveniently derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, preferably 1–5%, divinylbenzene; polystyrene coated with polyethyleneglycol spacers (Tentagel^(R)); and polyacrylamide resins (see also Obrecht, D.; Villalgordo, J.-M, “Solid-Supported Combinatorial and Parallel Synthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound Libraries”, Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 17, Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 1998).

The solid support is functionalized by means of a linker, i.e. a bifunctional spacer molecule which contains on one end an anchoring group for attachment to the solid support and on the other end a selectively cleavable functional group used for the subsequent chemical transformations and cleavage procedures. For the purposes of the present invention the linker must be designed to eventually release the carboxyl group under mild acidic conditions which do not affect protecting groups present on any functional group in the side-chains of the various amino acids. Linkers which are suitable for the purposes of the present invention form acid-labile esters with the carboxyl group of the amino acids, usually acid-labile benzyl, benzhydryl and trityl esters; examples of linker structures of this kind include 2-methoxy-4-hydroxymethylphenoxy (Sasrin^(R) linker), 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl-hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy (Rink linker), 4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyric acid (HMPB linker), trityl and 2-chlorotrityl.

Preferably, the support is derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, most preferably 1–5%, divinylbenzene and functionalized by means of the 2-chlorotrityl linker.

When carried out as a parallel array synthesis the process of the invention can be advantageously carried out as described hereinbelow but it will be immediately apparent to those skilled in the art how this procedure will have to be modified in case it is desired to synthesize one single compound of the above formula Ia or Ib.

A number of reaction vessels (normally 24 to 192, typically 96) equal to the total number of compounds to be synthesized by the parallel method are loaded with 25 to 1000 mg, preferably 100 mg, of the appropriate functionalized solid support, preferably 1 to 3% cross linked polystyrene or tentagel resin.

The solvent to be used must be capable of swelling the resin and includes, but is not limited to, dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dioxane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol (EtOH), trifluoroethanol (TFE), isopropylalcohol and the like. Solvent mixtures containing as at least one component a polar solvent (e.g. 20% TFE/DCM, 35% THF/NMP) are beneficial for ensuring high reactivity and solvation of the resin-bound peptide chains (Fields, G. B., Fields, C. G., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4202–4207).

With the development of various linkers that release the C-terminal carboxylic acid group under mild acidic conditions, not affecting acid-labile groups protecting functional groups in the side chain(s), considerable progresses have been made in the synthesis of protected peptide fragments. The 2-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylalcohol-derived linker (Sasrin^(R) linker, Mergler et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29 4005–4008) is cleavable with diluted trifluoroacetic acid (0.5–1% TFA in DCM) and is stable to Fmoc deprotection conditions during the peptide synthesis, Boc/tBu-based additional protecting groups being compatible with this protection scheme. Other linkers which are suitable for the process of the invention include the super acid labile 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl-hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy linker (Rink linker, Rink, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 3787–3790), where the removal of the peptide requires 10% acetic acid in DCM or 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid in DCM; the 4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyric acid-derived linker (HMPB-linker, Florsheimer & Riniker, Peptides 1991, 1990 131) which is also cleaved with 1% TFA/DCM in order to yield a peptide fragment containing all acid labile side-chain protective groups; and, in addition, the 2-chlorotritylchloride linker (Barlos et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3943–3946), which allows the peptide detachment using a mixture of glacial acetic acid/trifluoroethanol/DCM (1:2:7) for 30 min.

Suitable protecting groups for amino acids and, respectively, for their residues are, for example,

-   -   for the amino group (as is present e. g. also in the side-chain         of lysine)

Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl Boc tert.-butyloxycarbonyl Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl Alloc allyloxycarbonyl Teoc trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl Tcc trichloroethoxycarbonyl Nps o-nitrophenylsulfonyl; Trt triphenymethyl or trityl

-   -   for the carboxyl group (as is present e. g. also in the         side-chain of aspartic and glutamic acid) by conversion into         esters with the alcohol components

tBu tert.-butyl Bn benzyl Me methyl Ph phenyl Pac Phenacyl Allyl Tse trimethylsilylethyl Tce trichloroethyl;

-   -   for the guanidino group (as is present e. g. in the side-chain         of arginine)

Pmc 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl Ts tosyl (i.e. p-toluenesulfonyl) Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl Pbf pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl

-   -   for the hydroxy group (as is present e. g. in the side-chain of         threonine and serine)

tBu tert.-butyl Bn benzyl Trt trityl

-   -   and for the mercapto group (as is present e. g. in the         side-chain of cysteine)

Acm acetamidomethyl tBu tert.-butyl Bn benzyl Trt trityl Mtr 4-methoxytrityl.

The 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-(Fmoc)-protected amino acid derivatives are preferably used as the building blocks for the construction of the template-fixed β-hairpin loop mimetics of formulae Ia and Ib. For the deprotection, i.e. cleaving off of the Fmoc group, 20% piperidine in DMF or 2% DBU/2% piperidine in DMF can be used.

The quantity of the reactant, i.e. of the amino acid derivative, is usually 1 to 20 equivalents based on the milliequivalents per gram (meq/g) loading of the functionalized solid support (typically 0.1 to 2.85 meq/g for polystyrene resins) originally weighed into the reaction tube. Additional equivalents of reactants can be used if required to drive the reaction to completion in a reasonable time. The reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and the manifold, are reinserted into the reservoir block and the apparatus is fastened together. Gas flow through the manifold is initiated to provide a controlled environment, for example, nitrogen, argon, air and the like. The gas flow may also be heated or chilled prior to flow through the manifold. Heating or cooling of the reaction wells is achieved by heating the reaction block or cooling externally with isopropanol/dry ice and the like to bring about the desired synthetic reactions. Agitation is achieved by shaking or magnetic stirring (within the reaction tube). The preferred workstations (without, however, being limited thereto) are Labsource's Combi-chem station and MultiSyn Tech's-Syro synthesizer.

Amide bond formation requires the activation of the α-carboxyl group for the acylation step. When this activation is being carried out by means of the commonly used carbodiimides such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, Sheehan & Hess, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 1067–1068) or diisopropylcarbodiimidc (DIC, Sarantakis et al Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976, 73, 336–342), the resulting dicyclohexylurea is insoluble and, respectively, diisopropylurea is soluble in the solvents generally used. In a variation of the carbodiimide method 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt, König & Geiger, Chem. Ber 1970, 103, 788–798) is included as an additive to the coupling mixture. HOBt prevents dehydration, suppresses racemization of the activated amino acids and acts as a catalyst to improve the sluggish coupling reactions. Certain phosphonium reagents have been used as direct coupling reagents, such as benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) (Castro et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 14, 1219–1222; Synthesis, 1976, 751–752), or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexaflurophoshate (Py-BOP, Coste et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 205–208), or 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl-)1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium terafluoroborate (TBTU), or hexafluorophosphate (HBTU, Knorr et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1927–1930); these phosphonium reagents are also suitable for in situ formation of HOBt esters with the protected amino acid derivatives. More recently diphenoxyphosphoryl azide (DPPA) or O-(7-aza-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TATU) or O-(7-aza-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU)/7-aza-1-hydroxy benzotriazole (HOAt, Carpino et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2279–2281) have also been used as coupling reagents.

Due to the fact that near-quantitative coupling reactions are essential it is desirable to have experimental evidence for completion of the reactions. The ninhydrin test raiser et al., Anal. Biochemistry 1970, 34, 595), where a positive colorimetric response to an aliquot of resin-bound peptide indicates qualitatively the presence of the primary amine, can easily and quickly be performed after each coupling step. Fmoc chemistry allows the spectrophotometric detection of the Fmoc chromophore when it is released with the base (Meienhofer et al., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 1979, 13, 35–42).

The resin-bound intermediate within each reaction tube is washed free of excess of retained reagents, of solvents, and of by-products by repetitive exposure to pure solvent(s) by one of the two following methods:

-   1) The reaction wells are filled with solvent (preferably 5 ml), the     reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and manifold,     are immersed and agitated for 5 to 300 minutes, preferably 15     minutes, and drained by gravity followed by gas pressure applied     through the manifold inlet (while closing the outlet) to expel the     solvent; -   2) The manifold is removed from the holder block, aliquots of     solvent (preferably 5 ml) are dispensed through the top of the     reaction tubes and drained by gravity through a filter into a     receiving vessel such as a test tube or vial.

Both of the above washing procedures are repeated up to about 50 times (preferably about 10 times), monitoring the efficiency of reagent, solvent, and byproduct removal by methods such as TLC, GC, or inspection of the washings.

The above described procedure of reacting the resin-bound compound with reagents within the reaction wells followed by removal of excess reagents, by-products, and solvents is repeated with each successive transformation until the final Tesin-bound fully protected linear peptide has been obtained.

Before this fully protected linear peptide is detached from the solid support, it is possible, if desired, to selectively deprotect one or several protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and to appropriately substitute the reactive group(s) thus liberated. To this effect, the functional group(s) in question must initially be protected by a protecting group which can be selectively removed without affecting the remaining protecting groups present. Alloc (alkyloxycarbonyl) is an example for such a protecting group for amino which can be selectively removed, e.g. by means of Pd° and phenylsilane in CH₂Cl₂, without affecting the remaining protecting groups, such as Fmoc, present in the molecule. The reactive group thus liberated can then be treated with an agent suitable for introducing the desired substituent. Thus, for example, an amino group can be acylated by means of an acylating agent corresponding to the acyl substituent to be introduced.

Detachment of the fully protected linear peptide from the solid support is achieved by immersion of the reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and manifold, in reaction wells containing a solution of the cleavage reagent (preferably 3 to 5 ml). Gas flow, temperature control, agitation, and reaction monitoring are implemented as described above and as desired to effect the detachment reaction. The reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and manifold, are disassembled from the reservoir block and raised above the solution level but below the upper lip of the reaction wells, and gas pressure is applied through the manifold inlet (while closing the outlet) to efficiently expel the final product solution into the reservoir wells. The resin remaining in the reaction tubes is then washed 2 to 5 times as above with 3 to 5 ml of an appropriate solvent to extract (wash out) as much of the detached product as possible. The product solutions thus obtained are combined, taking care to avoid cross-mixing. The individual solutions/extracts are then manipulated as needed to isolate the final compounds. Typical manipulations include, but are not limited to, evaporation, concentration, liquid/liquid extraction, acidification, basification, neutralization or additional reactions in solution.

The solutions containing fully protected linear peptide derivatives which have been cleaved off from the solid support and neutralized with a base, are evaporated. Cyclization is then effected in solution using solvents such as DCM, DMF, dioxane, ThF and the like. Various coupling reagents which were mentioned earlier can be used for the cyclization. The duration of the cyclization is about 6–48 hours, preferably about 24 hours. The progress of the reaction is followed, e.g. by RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Then the solvent is removed by evaporation, the fully protected cyclic peptide derivative is dissolved in a solvent which is not miscible with water, such as DCM, and the solution is extracted with water or a mixture of water-miscible solvents, in order to remove any excess of the coupling reagent.

Before removing the protecting groups from the fully protected cyclic peptide, it is possible, if desired, to form an interstrand linkage between side-chains of appropriate amino acid residues at opposite positions of the β-strand region; and/or to connect two building blocks of the type of formula Ia via a bridge -G1-L-G2- to give a dimeric structure of the type of formula Ib.

Interstrand linkages and their formation have been discussed above, in connection with the explanations made regarding groups of the type H which can, for example, be disulfide bridges formed by cysteines and homocysteines at opposite positions of the β-strand, or glutamic and aspartic acid residues linking ornithines and, respectively, lysines located at opposite β-strand positions by amide bond formation. The formation of such interstrand linkages can be effected by methods well known in the art.

Interstrand linkages and their formation have been discussed above, in connection with the explanations made regarding groups of the type H which can, for example, be disulfide bridges formed by cysteines and homocysteines at opposite positions of the β-strand, or glutamic and aspartic acid residues linking ornithines and, respectively, lysines located at opposite β-strand positions by amide bond formation. The formation of such interstrand linkages can be effected by methods well known in the art.

For building up a bridge -G1-L-G2- to give a dimeric structure, methods well known in the art can be used, too. Thus, for example, a fully side-chain protected β-hairpin peptidomimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an appropriately protected alcohol group (e.g. as tert.-butyldiphenylsilyl protected), thiol group (e.g. as acetamidomethyl protected) or amino group (NR³⁴; e.g. as alkyloxycarbonyl protected) can selectively be deprotected employing methods well known by the skilled in the art and reacted with suitably activated linker (L) precursors; e.g:

-   -   for L1 the corresponding building block is         Br(Cl,I)(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)OH: the resulting         alcohol can be transformed into the corresponding bromide         (chloride or iodide) by methods well known to those skilled in         the art (e.g. P(Ph)₃, CBr₄) and combined with a second β-hairpin         mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an alcohol, thiol         or amine group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule         can be fully deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC         chromatography as described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   for L2 the corresponding building block is         ClOC(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)COOAllyl: the resulting         ester can be transformed into the corresponding acid by methods         well known in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin         mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an alcohol, thiol         or amine group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule         can be fully deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC         chromatography as described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L3 the corresponding building block is         O═C═N(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)NR³⁴Alloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected amine can be deprotected and transformed into         the corresponding isocyanate by methods familiar to those         skilled in the art (e.g. triphosgene) and combined with a second         β-hairpin mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an         alcohol, thiol or amine group. The dimeric fully side-chain         protected molecule can be fully deprotected and purified by         preparative HPLC chromatography as described in procedure 1,         hereinbelow.     -   For L7 the corresponding building block is         Br(Cl,I)(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹OH: the resulting alcohol         can be transformed into the corresponding bromide (chloride or         iodide) by methods well known in the art (e.g. P(Ph)₃, CBr₄) and         combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic carrying a group G1 or         G2 containing an alcohol, thiol or amine group. The dimeric         fully side-chain protected molecule can be deprotected and         purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as described in         procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L8 the corresponding building block is         ClOC(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹COOAllyl: the resulting ester         can be transformed into the corresponding acid by methods well         known to those skilled in the art and combined with a second         β-hairpin mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an         alcohol, thiol or amine group. The dimeric fully side-chain         protected molecule can be deprotected and purified by         preparative HPLC chromatography as described in procedure 1,         hereinbelow.     -   For L9 the corresponding building block is         O═C═N(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹NR³⁴Alloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected amine can be deprotected and transformed into         the corresponding isocyanate by methods well known in the art         (e.g. triphosgene) and combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic         carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an alcohol, thiol or amine         group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule can be         deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as         described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L13 the corresponding building block is         ClOC(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)NR³⁴Alloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected amine can be deprotected by methods readily         available to those skilled in the art and combined with a second         β-hairpin mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing a         carboxylic acid group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected         molecule can be deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC         chromatography as described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L14 the corresponding building block is         ClOC(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹N³⁴Alloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected amine can be deprotected by conventional methods         and combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic carrying a group G1         or G2 containing a carboxylic acid group. The dimeric fully         side-chain protected molecule can be deprotected and purified by         preparative HPLC chromatography as described in procedure 1,         hereinbelow.

Alternatively, a fully side-chain protected β-hairpin peptidomimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an appropriately protected thiol group (e.g. as acetamidomethyl protected) can selectively be deprotected employing methods well known to those skilled in the art and reacted with a second β-hairpin peptidomimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing a thiol group forming a disulfide bond by oxidation (air or iodine). The dimeric molecule can subsequently be fully deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.

Finally, a fully side-chain protected β-hairpin peptidomimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an appropriately protected carboxylic acid group (e.g. alkyl ester), can selectively be deprotected employing methods well known in the art and reacted with a suitably activated linker (L) precursor; e.g:

-   -   For L4 the corresponding building block is         HO(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)OAlloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected alcohol can be deprotected by methods well known         to those skilled in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin         mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing a carboxylic acid         group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule can be         deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as         described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L5 the corresponding building block is         HS(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)SAlloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected thiol can be deprotected by methods well known         in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic carrying         a group G1 or G2 containing a carboxylic acid group. The dimeric         fully side-chain protected molecule can be deprotected and         purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as described in         procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L6 the corresponding building block is         HNR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)NR³⁴Alloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected amine can be deprotected by methods familiar to         those skilled in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin         mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing a carboxylic acid         group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule can be         deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as         described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L10 the corresponding building block is         HO(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)CHR⁶¹OAlloc: the resulting Alloc-protected         alcohol can be deprotected by methods well known to those         skilled in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic         carrying a group G1 or G2 containing a carboxylic acid group.         The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule can be         deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as         described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L11 the corresponding building block is         HS(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹SAlloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected thiol can be deprotected by methods well known         in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic carrying         a group G1 or G2 containing a carboxylic acid group. The dimeric         fully side-chain protected molecule can be deprotected and         purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as described in         procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L12 the corresponding building block is         HNR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹NR³⁴Alloc: the resulting         Alloc-protected amine can be deprotected by methods well known         to those skilled in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin         mimetic carrying a group G1 or G2 containing a carboxylic acid         group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule can be         deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as         described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L15 the corresponding building block is         HNR³⁴(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹[X(CH₂)_(p)CHR⁶¹]_(o)COOAllyl: the resulting         Allylester can be deprotected by conventional methods and         combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic carrying a group G1 or         G2 containing an alcohol group, a thiol group or an amino (NR³⁴)         group. The dimeric fully side-chain protected molecule can be         deprotected and purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as         described in procedure 1, hereinbelow.     -   For L16 the corresponding building block is         HNR³⁴(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹Y(CH₂)_(o)CHR⁶¹COOAllyl: the resulting         Allylester can be deprotected by methods well known to those         skilled in the art and combined with a second β-hairpin mimetic         carrying a group G1 or G2 containing an alcohol group, a thiol         group or an amino (NR³⁴) group. The dimeric fully side-chain         protected molecule can be deprotected and purified by         preparative HPLC chromatography as described in procedure 1,         hereinbelow.

Finally, the fully protected peptide derivative of type Ia or Ib is treated with 95% TFA, 2.5% H₂O, 2.5% TIS or another combination of scavengers for effecting the cleavage of protecting groups. The cleavage reaction time is commonly 30 minutes to 12 hours, preferably about 2 hours. Thereafter most of the TFA is evaporated and the product is precipitated with ether/hexane (1:1) or other solvents which are suitable therefor. After careful removal of the solvent, the cyclic peptide derivative obtained as end-product can be isolated. Depending on its purity, this peptide derivative can be used directly for biological assays, or it has to be further purified, for example by preparative HPLC.

As mentioned earlier, it is thereafter possible, if desired, to convert a fully deprotected product thus obtained into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or to convert a pharmaceutically acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the corresponding free compound of formula Ia and Ib or into a different, pharmaceutically acceptable, salt. Any of these operations can be carried out by methods well known in the art.

The starting materials used in the process of the invention, pre-starting materials therefor, and the preparation of these starting and pre-starting materials will now be discussed in detail.

Building blocks of type A can be synthesized according to the literature methods described below. The corresponding amino acids have been described either as unprotected or as Boc- or Fmoc-protected racemates, (D) or (L)-isomers. It will be appreciated that unprotected amino acid building blocks can be easily transformed into the corresponding Fmoc-protected amino acid building blocks required for the present invention by standard protecting group manipulations. Reviews describing general methods for the synthesis of α-amino acids include: R. Duthaler, Tetrahedron (Report) 1994, 349, 1540–1650; R. M. Williams, “Synthesis of optically active α-amino acids”, Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 7, J. E. Baldwin, P. D. Magnus (Eds.), Pergamon Press., Oxford 1989. An especially useful method for the synthesis of optically active α-amino acids relevant for this invention includes kinetic resolution using hydrolytic enzymes (M. A. Verhovskaya, I. A. Yamskov, Russian Chem. Rev. 1991, 60, 1163–1179; R. M. Williams, “Synthesis of optically active α-amino acids”, Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 7, J. E. Baldwin, P. D. Magnus (Eds.), Pergamon Press., Oxford 1989, Chapter 7, p. 257–279). Hydrolytic enzymes involve hydrolysis of amides and nitrites by aminopeptidases or nitrilases, cleavage of N-acyl groups by acylases, and ester hydrolysis by lipases or proteases. It is well documented that certain enzymes will lead specifically to pure (L)-enantiomers whereas others yield the corresponding (D)-enantiomers (e.g.: R. Duthaler, Tetrahedron Report 1994, 349, 1540–1650; R. M. Williams, “Synthesis of optically active α-amino acids”, Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 7, J. E. Baldwin, P. D. Magnus (Eds.), Pergamon Press., Oxford 1989).

A1: See D. Ben-Ishai, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 881–883; K. Sato, A. P. Kozikowski, Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 4073–4076; J. E. Baldwin, C. N. Farthing, A. T. Russell, C. J. Schofield, A. C. Spirey, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 3761–3767; J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, N. G. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1987, 153–157; P. Wipf, Y. Uto, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5165–5170; J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, A. O'Neil, A. C. Spirey, J. B. Sweeney, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1989, 1852–1854 (for R¹═H, R²═H); T. Hiyama, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1974, 47, 2909–2910; T. Wakamiya, K. Shimbo, T. Shiba, K. Nakajima, M. Neya, K. Okawa, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1982, 55, 3878–3881; I. Shima, N. Shimazaki, K. Imai, K. Hemmi, M. Hashimoto, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990, 38, 564–566; H. Han, J. Yoon, K. D. Janda, J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 2045–2048 (R¹═H, R²=Me); J. Legters, G. H. Willems, L. Thijs, B. Zwannenburg, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1992, 111, 59–68 (R¹═H, R²=hexyl); J. Legters, L. Thijs, B. Zwannenburg, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1992, 111, 16–21; G. A. Molander, P. J. Stengel, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 21, 6660–6661 (R¹═H, R²=Ph); I. Funaki, L. Thijs, B. Zwannenburg, Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 9909–9924 (R¹═H, R²=Bn); A. S. Pepito, D. C. Dittmer, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 7920–7925; (R¹═H, R²═CH₂OH); M. Egli, A. S. Dreiding, Helv. Chim. Acta 1986, 69, 1442–1460 (R²═CH(OH)CH₂OH); M. Carduccu, S. Fioravanti, M. A. Loreto, L. Pellacani, P. A. Tardella, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 3777–3778; F. J. Lakner, L. P. Hager, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 21, 3547–3550 (R¹=Me, R²═H, Me); G. A. Molander, P. J. Stengel, Tetrahedron 1997, 26, 8887–8912; M. A. Loreto, F. Pompei, P. A. Tardella, D. Tofani, Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 15853–15858 (R¹=Me, R²═CH₂SiMe₃); H. Shao, J. K. Rueter, M. Goodman, J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5240–5244 (R¹=Me, R²=Me).

A2: See A. Rao, M. K. Gurjär, V. Vivarr, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1992, 3, 859–862; R. L. Johnson, G. Rayakumar, K.-L. Yu, R. K. Misra, J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 2104–2107 (R¹═H, R²═H); J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, R. H. Jones, C. J. Schofield, C. Zarcostas, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1985, 196–196; J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, R. H. Jones, C. J. Schofield, C. Zarcostas, Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 4879–4888 (R¹═H, R²═CH₂OH, CH₂CHO, CH₂CH₂COOH, CH₂CH₂OH); A. P. Kozikowski, W. Tueckmantel, I. J. Reynolds, J. T. Wroblewski, J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 1561–1571; A. P. Kozikowski, W. Tueclanantel, Y. Liao, H. Manev, S. Ikonomovic J. T. Wroblenski, J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 2706–2708 (R¹═H, R²═CH₂OH, CHCONH₂, CONHCH₂COOH, COOtBu); D. Seebach, T. Vettiger, H.-M. Müller, D. Plattner, W. Petter, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1990, 687–695 (R¹═ArylCH(OH), R²═H); D. Seebach, E. Dziadulewicz, L. Behrendt, S. Cantoreggi, R. Fitzi, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1989, 1215–1232 (R¹=Me, Et, R²═H).

A3: See A. P. Kozikowski, Y. Liao, W. Tueckmantel, S. Wang, S. Pshsenichkin, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 2559–2564 (R¹═H; R²═CHCHO, CH₂OH, CH₂CH₂OH, CH₂COOH, COOH); Isono, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1969, 91, 7490 (R¹═H; R²=Et); P. J. Blythin, M. J. Green, M. J. Mary, H. Shue, J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6098–6100; S. Hanessian, N. Bernstein, R.-Y. Yang, R. Maquire, Bioorg. Chem. Lett. 1994, 9, 1437–1442 (R¹═H; R²=Ph).

A4: See G. Emmer, Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 7165–7172; M. P. Meyer, P. L. Feldman, H. Rapoport, J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5223–5230 (R¹═H; R²═H); A. J. Bose, M. S. Manhas, J. E. Vincent, I. F. Fernandez, J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 4075–4081 (R¹═H; R²═NHCOCH₂OPh); D. L. Boger, J. B. Meyers, J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 5385–5390 (R¹═H; R²═NHCOCH₂Ph); K.-D. Kampe, Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 117–120 (R¹═CH₂OH; R²=Ph); M. D. Andrews, M. G. Maloney, K. L. Owen, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1996, 227–228 (R¹═CH₂OH; R²═H).

A5: See C. Bisang, C. Weber, J. Inglis, C. A. Schiffer, W. F. van Gunsteren, J. A. Robinson J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 7904 (R¹═CH₃; R²═H); S. Takano, M. Morija, Y. Iwabuki, K. Ogasawara, Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3805–3806 (R¹═H; R²═COOH); M. D. Bachi, R. Breiman, H. Meshulam, J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 1439–1444 (R¹═H; R²═CH(Et)COOH); D. S. Kemp, T. P. Curran, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 4931–4934; D. S. Kemp, T. P. Curran, W. M. Davies, J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 6672–6682 (R¹═H; R²═CH₂OH); F. Manfre, J.-M. Kern, J.-F. Biellmann, J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 2060–2065 (R¹═H; R²═H, CH═CH₂, CCH); B. W. Bycroft, S. R. Chabra, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1989, 423–425 (R¹═H; R²═CH₂COOtBu; Y. Xu, J. Choi, M. I. Calaza, S. Turner, H. Rapoport, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 4069–4078 (R¹═H; R²=3-pyridyl); E. M. Khalil, W. J. Ojala, A. Pradham, V. D. Nair, W. B. Gleason, J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 628–637; E. M. Khalil, N. L. Subasinghe, R. L. Johnson, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 3441–3444 (R¹=alkyl; R²═H); A. DeNicola, J.-L. Luche, Tetrahedron Lett. 1992, 33, 6461–6464; S. Thaisrivongs, D. T. Pals, J. A. Lawson, S. Turner, D. W. Harris, J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 536–541; E. M. Khalil, N. L. Subasinghe, R. L. Johnson, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 3441–3444; A. Lewis, J. Wilkie, T. J. Rutherford, D. Gani, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1998, 3777–3794 (R¹=Me; R²═H); A. Lewis, J. Wilkie, T. J. Rutherford, D. Gani, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1998, 3777–3794 (R¹═CH₂COOMe; R²═H); N. L. Subasinghe, E. M. Khalil, R. L. Johnson, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 1317–1320 (R¹═CH₂CHO; R²═H); D. J. Witter, S. J. Famiglietti, J. C. Gambier, A. L. Castelhano, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 3137–3142; E. H. Khalil, W. H. Ojada, A. Pradham, V. D. Nair, W. B. Gleason, J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 628–637 (R¹═CH₂CH₂CHO; R²═H).

A6: See DeNardo, Farmaco Ed. Sci. 1977, 32, 522–529 (R¹═H; R³═H); P. J. T. Floris, N. Terhuis, H. Hiemstra, N. W. Speckamp, Tetrahedron, 1993, 49, 8605–8628; S. Kanemasa, N. Tomoshige, O. Tsuge, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1989, 62, 3944–3949 (R¹═H; R³═H); Sucrow, Chem. Ber. 1979, 112, 1719.

A7: See Fichter, J. Prakt. Chem. 1906, 74, 310 (R¹=Me; R⁴=Ph).

A8: See L. Lapantsanis, G. Milias, K. Froussios, M. Kolovos, Synthesis 1983, 641–673; H. Nedev, H. Naharisoa, Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 4201–4204; D. Y. Jackson, C. Quan, D. R. Artis, T. Rawson, B. Blackburn, J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3359–3368; D. Konopinska, H. Bartosz-Bechowski, G. Rosinski, W. Sobotka, Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci. Chem. 1993, 41, 27–40; J. Hondrelis, G. Lonergan, S. Voliotis, J. Matsukas, Tetrahedron 1990, 46, 565–576; T. Nakamura, H. Matsuyama, H. Kanigata, M. Iyoda, J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 3783–3789; C. E. O'Connell, K. Ackermanr, C. A. Rowell, A. Garcia, M. D. Lewis, C. E. Schwartz, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 2095–2100; G. Lowe, T. Vilaivan, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1997, 547–554; B. Bellier, I. McCourt-Tranchepain, B. Ducos, S. Danascimenta, H. Mundal, J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3947–3956; M. Peterson, R. Vince J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 2787–2797; E. M. Smith, G. F. Swiss, B. R. Neustadt, E. H. Gold, J. A. Sommer, J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31, 875–885; E. Rubini, C. Gilon, Z. Selinger, M. Chorev, Tetrahedron 1986, 42, 6039–6045 (R¹═H; R⁵═OH); C. R. Noe, M. Knollmueller, H. Voellenkle, M. Noe-Letschnig, A. Weigand, J. Mülh, Pharmazie, 1996, 51, 800–804 (R¹═CH₃; R⁵═OH); J. Kitchin, R. C. Berthel, N. Cammack, S. Dolan, D. N. Evans, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3703–3716; D. Y. Jackson, C. Quan, D. R. Artis, T. Rawson, B. Blackburn, J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3359–3368 (R¹═H; R⁵═OBn); J. E. Baldwin, A. R. Field, C. C. Lawrence, K. D. Merritt, C. J. Schofield, Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 7489–7492; K. Hashimoto, Y. Shima, H. Shirahama, Heterocycles 1996, 42, 489–492 (R¹═H; R⁵═OTs); T. R. Webb, C. Eigenbrot, J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 3009–3016; D. C. Cafferty, C. A. Slate, B. M. Nakhle, H. D. Graham, T. L. Anstell, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 9859–9872 (R¹═H; R⁵═NH₂); T. R. Webb, C. Eigenbrot, J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 3009–3016 (R¹═H; R⁵═CH₂NH₂); J. K. Thottathil, J. L. Moniot, Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 151–154 (R¹═H; R⁵=Ph); K. Plucinska, T. Kataoka, M. Yodo, W. Cody, J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 1902–1913 (R¹═H; R⁵═SBn); J. Krapcho, C. Turk, D. W. Cushman, J. R. Powell, J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31, 1148–1160 (R¹═H; R⁵═SPh); A. J. Verbiscar, B. Witkop, J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 1924–1927 (R¹═H; R⁵═SCH₂(4-OMe)C₆H₄); S. I. Klein, J. M. Denner, B. F. Molino, C. Gardner, R. D'Alisa, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 2225–2230 (R¹═H; R⁵═O(CH₂)₃Ph); R. Zhang, F. Brownewell, J. S. Madalengoita, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 2707–2710 (R¹═H; R⁵═CH₂COOBn).

A9: See Blake, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 5293–5297; J. Cooper, R. T. Gallagher, D. T. Knight, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Perkin Trans. 1, 1993, 1313–1318; D. W. Knight, A. W. Sibley, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1997, 2179, 2188 (R¹═H; R⁶═H); Blake, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 5293–5297; Y. Yamada, T. Ishii, M. Kimura, K. Hosaka, Tetrahedron Lett. 1981, 1353–1354 (R¹═H; R⁶═OH); Y. Umio, Yakugahu Zasshi, 1958, 78, 727 (R¹═H; R⁶=iPr); Miyamoto, Yahugaku Zasshi, 1957, 77, 580–584; Tanaka, Proc. Jpn. Acad. 1957, 33, 47–50 (R¹═H; R⁶═CH(CH₃)CH₂N(CH₃)₂); L. E. Overman, B. N. Rodgers, J. E. Tellew, W. C. Trenkle, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7159–7160 (R¹═H; R⁶=alkyl); Ohki, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1976, 24, 1362–1369 (R¹═CH₃; R⁶═H).

A10: See J. Mulzer, A. Meier, J. Buschmann, P. Luger, Synthesis 1996, 123–132 (R¹═H; R⁷═CH═CH₂); J. Cooper, P. T. Gallagher, D. W. Knight, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1988, 509–510; E. Götschi, C. Jenny, P. Reindl, F. Ricklin, Helv. Chim. Acta 1996, 79, 2219–2234 (R¹═H; R⁷═OH); N. A. Sasald, R. Pauli, C. Fontaine, A. Chiaroni, C. Riche, P. Potier, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 241–244 (R¹═H; R⁷═COOH); R. Cotton, A. N. C. Johnstone, M. North, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 8525–8544 (R¹═H; R⁷═COOMe); J. S. Sabol, G. A. Flynn, D. Friedrich, E. W. Huber, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 3687–3690 (R¹═H; R⁷═CONH₂); P. P. Waid, G. A. Flynn, E. W. Huber, J. S. Sabol, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 4091–4094 (R¹═H; R¹=(4-BnO)C₆H₄); N. A. Sasaki, R. Pauli, P. Potier, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 237–240 (R¹═H; R⁷═SO₂Ph); R. J. Heffner, J. Jiang, M. Jouillié, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 10181–10189; U. Schmidt, H. Griesser, A. Lieberknecht, J. Häusler, Angew. Chem. 1981, 93, 272–273 (R¹═H; R⁷═OAryl); H. Mosberg, A. L. Lomize, C. Wang, H. Kroona, D. L. Heyl, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 4371–4383 (R¹═H; R⁷=4-OHC₆H₄); S. A. Kolodziej, G. V. Nikiforovich, R. Sceean, M.-F. Lignon, J. Martinez, G. R. Marshall, J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 137–149 (R¹═H; R⁷═SCH₂(4-Me)C₆H₄).

A11: See Kuhn, Osswald, Chem. Ber. 1956, 89, 1423–1434; Patchett, Witkop, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 185–189; Benz, Helv. Chim. Acta 1974, 57, 2459–2475; P. Wessig, Synlett, 1999, 9, 1465–1467; E. M. Smit, G. F. Swiss, B. R. Neustadt, E. H. Gold, J. A. Sommer, J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31, 875–885; J. Krapcho, C. Turk, D. W. Cushman, J. R. Powell, J. M. DeForrest, J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31, 1148 (R¹═H; R⁶═H); D. BenIshai, S. Hirsh, Tetrahedron 1988, 44, 5441–5450 (R¹═H; R⁶═CH₃); M. W. Holladay, C. W. Lin, C. S. Garvey, D. G. Witte, J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 455–457 (R¹═H; R⁶=alkyl); P. Barralough, P. Hudhomme, C. A. Spray, D. W. Young, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 4195–4212 (R¹═H; R⁶=Et); J. E. Baldwin, M. Rudolf, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 6163–6166; J. E. Baldwin, S. J. Bamford, A. M. Fryer, M. Rudolf, M. E. Wood, Tetrahedron 1997, 53, 5233–5254 (R¹═H; R⁶═CH₂COOtBu); P. Gill, W. D. Lubell, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 2658–2659 (R¹═H; R⁶═CH₃; Bn; alkyl; CH₂COOMe); M. J. Blanco, F. J. Sardina, J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 3411–3466 (R¹═H; R⁶═OCH₂OMe).

A12: See Ahmed, Cheeseman, Tetrahedron 1977, 33, 2255–2257; J. S. New, J. P. Yevich, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1984, 21, 1355–1360; R. Kikumoto, Y. Tamao, K. Ohkubo, T. Tezuka, S. Tonomura, J. Med. Chem. 1980, 23, 1293–1299; C. J. Blankley, J. S. Kaltenbronn, D. E. DeJohn, A. Werner, L. R. Bennett, J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 992–998; S. Klutcho, C. J. Blankley, R. W. Fleming, J. M. Hinkley, R. E. Werner, J. Med. Chem. 1986, 29, 1953–1961 (R¹═H; R⁸═H); L. J. Beeley, C. J. M. Rockwell, Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 417–420 (R¹═COOEt; R⁸═H).

A13: See G. Flouret, W. Brieher, T. Majewski, K. Mahan, J. Med. Chem. 1991, 43, 2089–2094; G. Galiendo, P. Grieco, E. Perissuti, V. Santagada, Farmaco, 1996, 51, 197–202; D. F. McComsey, M. J. Hawkins, P. Andrade-Gordon, M. F. Addo, B. E. Maryanoff, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 1423–1428; G. B. Jones, S. B. Heaton, B. J. Chapman, M. Guzel, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 3625–3636; M. Asami, H. Watanabe, K. Honda, S. Inoue, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 4165–4174; K. Gross, Y. M. Yun, P. Beak, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 7679–7689 (R¹═H; R⁶═H; R⁸═H); K. Gross, Y. M. Yun, P. Beak, J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 7679–7689 (R¹═H; R⁶═H; R⁸=6-Cl); Ch. Noe, M. Knollmueller, C. Schoedl, M. L. Berger, Sci. Pharm. 1996, 64, 577–590; E. Reiman, W. Erdle, H. Unger, Pharmazie, 1994, 54, 418–421 (R¹═H; R⁶═CH₂COOH; R⁸═H); V. Collot, M. Scbmitt, A. K. Marwah, B. Norerg, J.-J. Bourgignon, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 8033–8036 (R¹═H; R⁶=Ph; R⁸═H); L. V. Dunkerton, H. Chen, B. P. McKillican, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 2539–2542 (R¹═C(CH₃)₂CH═CH₂; R⁶═H; R⁸═H); E. J. Corey, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 2476–2488; Neunhoeffer, Lehmann, Chem. Ber. 1961, 94, 2960–2963 (R¹═CH₃; R⁶═H; R⁸═H).

A14: Amino acids of type A14 can be made according to Scheme 1.

A15: See D. S. Perlow, J. M. Erb, N. P. Gould, R. D. Tung, R. M. Freidinger, J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 4394–4400; D. Y. Jackson, C. Quan, D. R. Artis, T. Rawson, B. Blackburn, J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3359–3368 (R¹═H; R²═H); H. H. Wasserman, K. Rodrigues, K. Kucharozyl, Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 6077–6080 (R¹═H; R²═COOH).

A16: See Beyerman, Boekee, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1959, 78, 648–653; M. E. Freed, A. R. Day, J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 2105–2107; D. R. Adams, P. D. Bailey, I. D. Collier, J. D. Heferman, S. Slokes, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1996, 349–350; J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, C. R. A. Godfrey, D. W. Collins, J. D. Vaughan, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1993, 1434–1435; Y. Matsuanura, Y. Takeshima, H. Ohita, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1994, 67, 304–306 (R¹═H; R⁶═H); C. Herdeis, W. Engel, Arch. Pharm. 1991, 324, 670 (R¹═COOMe; R⁶═CH₃).

A17, A18: See C. R. Davies, J. S. Davies, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1, 1976, 2390–2394; K. Bevan, J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 514–522; K. Umezawa, K. Nakazawa, Y. Ikeda, H. Naganawa, S. Kondo, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 3034–3038 (R¹═R³═H); P. D. Williams, M. G. Bock, R. D. Tung, V. M. Garsky, D. S. Parlow, J. Med. Chem, 1992, 35, 3905–3918; K. Tamaki, K. Tanzawa, S. Kurihara, T. Oikawa, S. Monma, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 43, 1883–1893 (R¹═R⁵═H; R³═COOBn); K. J. Hale, J. Cai V. Delisser, S. Manaviazar, S. A. Peak Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 1047–1068; M. H. Chen, O. P. Goel, J.-W. Hyun, J. Magano, J. R. Rubin, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 1587–1592 (R¹═R⁵═H; R³═COOtBu); R. Baenteli, I. Brun, P. Hall, R. Metternich, Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 2109–2112 (R¹═R⁵═H; R³═COR); K. J. Hale, N. Jogiya, S. Manaviazar, Tetrahedron 1998, 39, 7163–7166 (R¹═H; R³═COOBn; R⁵═OBn); T. Kamenecka, S. J. Danishewsky, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 2995–2998(R¹═H; R³═COO(CH₂)₂SiMe₃; R⁵═OSiMe₂tBu.

A19: See Beilstein, Registry Number 648833 (R¹═R⁴═R⁸═H). Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme 2.

A20: See D. Hagiwara, H. Miyake, N. Igari, M. Karino, Y. Maeda, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 2090–2099 (R¹═H; R⁹═OH); Y. Arakawa, M. Yasuda, M. Ohnishi, S. Yoshifuji, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 255–259 (R¹═H; R⁹═COOH); P. J. Murray, I. D. Starkey, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 1875–1878 (R¹═H; R⁹═(CH₂)₂NHCOCH₂Ph); K. Clinch, A. Vasella, R. Schauer, Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 6425–6428 (R¹═H; R⁹═NHAc).

A21: See A. Golubev, N. Sewald, K. Burger, Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 2037–2040; F. Machetti, F. M. Cordero, F. DeSario, A. Guarna, A. Brandi, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 4205–4208; P. L. Ornstein, D. D. Schoepp, M. B. Arnold, J. D. Leander, D. Lodge, J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 90–97; R¹═R⁶═H); P. D. Leeson, B. J. Williams, R. Baker, T. Ludduwahetty, K. W. Moore, M. Rowley, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1990, 1578–1580; D. I. C. Scopes, N. F. Hayes, D. E. Bays, D. Belton, J. Brain, J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 490–501; H. Kessler, M. Kuehn, T. Löschner, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1986, 1–20 (R¹═R⁶═H); C. Herdeis, W. Engel, Arch. Pharm. 1992, 7, 419–424 (R¹═R⁶=Bn); C. Herdeis, W. Engel, Arch. Pharm. 1992, 411–418 (R¹═COOMe; R⁶═H); C. Herdeis, W. Engel, Arch. Pharm. 1992, 419–424 (R¹═COOMe; R⁶=Bn).

A22: See P. D. Leeson, B. J. Williams, R. Baker, T. Ladduwahetty, K. W. Moore, M. Rowley, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 1990, 1578–1580 (R¹═H; R¹⁰═NHOBn).

A23: See Beyerman, Boekee, Recl. Tray. Chim. Pays-Bas 1959, 78, 648–653; D. R. Adams, P. D. Bailey, I. D. Collier, J. D. Heffernan, S. Stokes J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1996, 349–350; J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, C. Godfrey, D. W. Collins, J. G. Vaughan, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm. 1993, 1434–1435 (R¹═R⁶═H); C. Herdeis, W. Engel, Arch. Pharm. 1993, 297–302 (R¹═COOMe; R⁶═H).

A24: See Plieninger, Leonhäuser, Chem. Ber. 1959, 92, 1579–1584; D. W. Knight, N. Lewis, A. C. Share, D. Haigh, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1998, 22, 3673–3684; J. Drummond, G. Johnson, D. G. Nickell, D. F. Ortwine, R. F. Bruns, B. Welbaum, J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32, 2116–2128; M. P. Moyer, P. L. Feldman, H. Rapoport, J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5223–5230 (R¹═R⁶═H); McElvain, Laughton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 448–451 (R¹═H; R⁶—Ph); McElvain, Laughton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 448–451 (R¹=Ph; R⁶═H);

A25: See L.-Y. Hu, T. R. Ryder, S. S. Nikam, E. Millerman, B. G. Szoke, M. F. Rafferty, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 1121–1126; W. C. Lumma, R. D. Hartman, W. S. Saari, E. L. Engelhardt, V. J. Lotti, C. A. Stone, J. Med. Chem. 1981, 24, 93–101; N. Hosten, M. J. O. Antenuis, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1988, 97, 48–50; C. F. Bigge, S. J. Hays, P. M. Novak, J. T. Drummond, G. Johnson, T. P. Bobovski, Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 5193–5191; B. Aebischer, P. Frey, H.-P. Haerter, P. L. Herrling, W. Müller, Helv. Chim. Acta 1989, 72, 1043–1051; W. J. Hoeckstra, B. E. Maryanoff, B. P. Damiano, P. Andrade-Gordon, J. H. Cohen, M. J. Constanzo, B. J. Haertlein, L. R. Hecker, B. L. Hulshizer, J. A. Kaufnan, P. Keane, J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 5254–5265 (R¹═H; R¹¹═H); B. D. Dorsey, R. B. Levin, S. L. McDaniel, J. P. Vacca, J. P. Guare, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3443–3451; M. Cheng, B. De, S. Pikul, N. G. Almstaed, M. G. Natchus, M. V. Anastasio, S. J. McPhail, C. J. Snider, Y. O. Taiwo, L. Chen, C. M. Dunaway, J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 369–380; R. Kuwano, Y. Ito, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1232–1237 (R¹═H; R¹¹═COOtBu); J. Kitchin, R. C. Bethell, N. Cammack, S. Dolan, D. N. Evans, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 3707–3716 (R¹═H; R¹¹═COOPh); C. F. Bigge, S. J. Hays, P. M. Novak, J. T. Drummond, G. Johnson, T. P. Bobovski, J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 2916–2924 (R¹═H; R¹¹═COOtBu; (CH₂)₃COOEt; (CH₂)₃PO(Me)OH; (CH₂PO(OH)₂; (CH₂)₂PO(OEt)₂; (CH₂)₂PO(OH)₂).

Compounds of type A25 can also be prepared according to Scheme 3:

A26: See Koegel, J. Biol. Chem. 1953, 201, 547 (R¹═R¹²═H).

A27: See G. Makara, G. R. Marshall, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 5069–5072; R. N. Patel, A. Banedee, R. L. Hanson, D. B. Brzozowski, L. W. Parker, L. J. Szarka, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1999, 10, 31–36 (R¹═H; R¹³═OH, OtBu); J. E. Johanson, B. D. Christie, H. Rapoport, J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 4914–4920; N. Moss, J.-S. Duceppe, J.-M- Ferland, J. Gauthier, J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 2178–2187 (R¹═H; R¹³═CONHMe); G. M. Makara, G. R. Marshall, Tetrahedron Lett. 1997, 38, 5069–5072 (R¹═H; R¹³═SCH₂(4-MeO)C₆H₄).

A28: See A. Golubev, N. Sewald, K. Burger, Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 2037–2040; P. L. Ornstein, D. D. Schoepp, M. B. Amold, 3. D. Leander, D. Lodge, J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 90–97 (R¹═R⁶═H); P. D. Leeson, B. J. Williams, R. Baker, T. Ladduwahetty, K. W. Moore, M. Rowley, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1990, 22, 1578–1580; C. Herdeis, W. Engel, Arch. Pharm. 1991, 324, 670 (R¹═H; R⁶=Me); C. Herdeis, W. Engel, Arch. Pharm. 1991, 324, 670 (R¹═COOMe; R⁶═H, Me).

A29: See Kawase, Masami, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 1248–1253; I. G. C. Coutts, J. A. Hadfield, P. R. Huddleston, J. Chem. Res. Miniprint, 1987, 9, 2472–2500; I. G. C. Coutts, J. A. Hadfield, P. R. Huddleston, J. Chem. Res. Miniprint, 1987, 9, 2472–2500; V. J. Hrubi, W. L. Cody, A. M. Castrucci M. E. Hadley, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1988, 53, 2549–2573; R. T. Shuman, R. B. Rothenberger, C. S. Campbell, G. F. Smith, D. S. Gifford-Moore, P. D. Gesellchen, J. Med. Chem. 1993, 36, 314–319; M. Kawase, Y. Okada, H. Miyamae, Heterocycles, 1998, 48, 285–294 (R¹═R⁸═H); Kawase, Masami, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1997, 45, 1248–1253 (R¹═H; R⁸=6,7-(MeO₂); D. F. Ortwine, T. C. Malone, C. F. Bigge, J. T. Drummond, C. Humblet, J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 1345–1370 (R¹═H; R⁸=7-H₂PO(OEt)₂); E. J. Corey, D. Y. Gin, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 7163–7166 (R¹═CH₂SCOOtBu); P. Dostert, M. Varasi, A. DellaTorre, C. Monti, V. Rizzo, Eur. J. Med. Chim. Ther. 1992, 27, 57–59 (R¹=Me; R⁸=6,7-(OH)₂); Z. Czarnocki, D. Suh, D. B. McLean, P. G. Hultin, W. A. Szarek, Can. J. Chem. 1992, 70, 1555–1561; B. Schönenberger, A. Brossi, Helv. Chim. Acta 1986, 69, 1486–1497 (R¹=Me; R⁸=6-OH; 7-MeO); Hahn, Stiel, Chem. Ber. 1936, 69, 2627; M. Chrzanowska, B. Schönenberger, A. Brossi, J. L. Flippen-Anderson, Helv. Chim. Acta 1987, 70, 1721–1731; T. Hudlicky, J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 1738–1741 (R¹=Bn; R⁸=6,7-(OH)₂); A. I. Meyers, M. A. Gonzalez, V. Struzka, A. Akahane, J. Guiles, J. S. Warmus, Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 5501–5504 (R¹═CH₂(3,4-methylenedioxy)C₆H₃; R⁸=6,7-(OMe)₂).

A30 and A31 can be prepared according to Schemes 4 and 5.

A32 can be prepared according to P. W. Schiller, G. Weltrowska, T. M.-D. Nguyen, C. Lemieux, N. Nga, J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 3125–3132; V. S. Goodfellow, M. V. Marathe, K. G. Kuhlman, T. D. Fitzpatrick, D. Cuadrato, J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 1472–1484; G. Caliendo, F. Fiorino, P. Grieco, E. Perissutti, S. DeLuca, A. Guiliano, G. Santelli, D. Califano, B. Severino, V. Santagada, Farmacao, 1999, 54, 785–790; V. S. Goodfellow, M. V. Marathe, K. G. Kuhlman, T. D. Fitzpatrick, D. Cuadro, J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 1472–1484 (R¹═R⁸═H); D. Tourwe, E. Mannekens, N. T. Trang, P. Verheyden, H. Jaspers, J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 5167–5176; A.-K. Szardenings, M. Gordeev, D. V. Patel, Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 3635–3638; W. Wiczk, K. Stachowiak, P. Skurski, L. Lankiewicz, A. Michniewicz, A. Roy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 8300–8307; K. Verschuren, G. Toth, D. Tourwe, M. Lebl., G. van Binst, V. Hrubi, Synthesis 1992, 458–460 (R¹═H; R⁸=6-OH); P. L. Ornstein, M. B. Arnold, N. K. Augenstein, J. W. Paschal, J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 4388–4392 (R¹═H; R⁸=6-MeO); D. Ma, Z. Ma, A. P. Kozikowski, S. Pshenichlin, J. T. Wroblenski, Bioorg. Med. Lett. 1998, 8, 2447–2450 (R¹═H; R⁸=6-COOH); U. Schöllkopf, R. Hinrichs, R. Lonsky, Angew. Chem. 1987, 99, 137–138 (R¹=Me; R⁸═H); B. O. Kammermeier, U. Lerch, C. Sommer, Synthesis 1992, 1157–1160 (R¹═COOMe; R⁸═H); T. Gees, W. B. Schweizer, D. Seebach, Helv. Chim. Acta 1993, 76, 2640–2653 (R¹=Me; R⁸=6,7-(MeO₂).

A33: See Hinton, Mann, J. Chem. Soc. 1959, 599–608.

A34: See G. P. Zecchini, M. P. Paradisi, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1979, 16, 1589–1597; S. Cerrini, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1979, 1013–1019; P. L. Ornstein, J. W. Paschal, P. D. Gesellchen, J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 738–741; G. M. Ksander, A. M. Yan, C. G. Diefenbacher, J. L. Stanton, J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 1606–1611; J. A. Robl, D. S. Karanewsky, M. M. Asaad, Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 1593–1596; S. Katayama, N. Ae, R. Nagata, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1998, 9, 4295–4300 (R¹═R⁸═H); K. Hino, Y. Nagai, H. Uno, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988, 36, 2386–2400 (R¹=Me; R⁸═H).

A35: See Beilstein Registry Numbers: 530775, 883013 (R¹═R⁸═H).

A36: See R. W. Carling, P. D. Leeson, A. M. Moseley, R. Baker, A. C. Foster, J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 1942–1953; S. Kano, T. Ebata, S. Shibuya, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1980, 2105–2111 (R¹═R⁸═H); R. W. Carling, P. D. Leeson, A. M. Moseley, R. Baker, A. C. Foster, J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 1942–1953 (R¹═H; R⁸=5-Cl; 7-Cl).

A37: See Nagarajan, Indian J. Chem. 1973, 11, 112 (R¹═CH₂COOMe; R⁸═H).

A38: See R. Pauly, N. A. Sasaki, P. Potire, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 237–240; J. Podlech, D. Seebach, Liebigs Ann. Org. Bioorg. Chem. 1995, 7, 1217–1228; K. C. Nicolaou, G.-Q. Shi, K. Namoto, F. Bernal, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1757–1758 (R¹═H; R²═H).

A39: See Beilstein, Registry Number 782885.

A40; See F. P. J. C. Rutjes, N. M. Terhuis, H. Hiemstra, N. W. Speckamp, Tetrahedron 1993, 49, 8605–8628 (R¹═H; R³=Bn); compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme 6.

A41: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme 7.

A42 to A46: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme, 8 to 12. Key intermediate 34 and α-amino acid synthesis involving this building block include: R. M. Williams, M.-N. Im, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 6079–6082; R. M. Williams, M.-N. Im, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 9276–9286; J. F. Dellaria, B. D. Santarsiero, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 6079–6082; J. F. Dellaria, B. D. Santarsiero, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 3916–3926; J. E. Baldwin, V. Lee, C. J. Schofield, Synlett 1992, 249–251; J. E. Baldwin, V. Lee, C. J. Schofield, Heterocycles 1992, 34, 903–906.

A47: See P. Barraclough, R. D. Farrant, D. Kettle, S. Smith, J. Chem. Res. Miniprint 1991, 11, 2876–2884 (R¹═R¹¹═H, Bn, —(CH₂)₂PO(OEt)₂).

A48: See A. Nouvet, M. Binard, F. Lamaty, J. Martinez, R. Lazaro, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 4685–4698 (R¹═R¹²═H).

A49: See M. Y. Kolleganov, I. G. Kolleganova, M. D. Mitrofanova, L. I. Martynenko, P. P. Nazarov, V. I. Spitsyn, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Div. Chem. Sci (Engl. Trans.) 1983, 32, 1293–1299; Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Khim. 1983, 6, 1293–1299; V. P. Vasilev, T. D. Orlova, S. F. Ledenkov, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Trans. 1989, 59, 1629–1634; Zh. Obshchi. Khim. 1989, 59, 1828–1833 (R¹═H; R¹²═CH(COOH)CH₂COOH). Compounds of type A49 can also be prepared according to Scheme 13.

A50 and A51: Compounds of these types can be prepared according to Schemes 14 and 15.

A53: See P. Barraclough, R. D. Fatrant, D. Kettle, S. Smith, J. Chem. Res. Miniprint 1991, 11, 2876–2884(R¹═R¹¹═H; R¹═H; R¹¹=Bn, (CH₂)₃PO(OH)₂); —(CH₂)₃PO(Et)₂); J. I. Levin, J. F. DiJoseph, L. M. Killar, A. Sung, T. Walter, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 2657–2662 (R¹═H; R¹¹=4CF₃OC₆H₄CO).

A 52 and A54: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Schemes 16 and 17.

A55 and A56: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Schemes 18 and 19.

A57: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme 20.

A58: See C.-H. Lee, H. Kohn, J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 6098–6104 (R¹═R⁸═H).

A59: can be prepared according to Scheme 21.

A60: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme 22.

A61: See D. R. Armour, K. M. Morriss, M. S. Congreve, A. B. Hawcock, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 2037–2042 (R¹═R¹²═H).

A62: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme 23.

A63: See S. E. Gibson, N. Guillo, R. J. Middleton, A. Thuiliez, M. J. Tozer, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1997, 4, 447–456; S. E. Gibson, N. Guillo, S. B. Kalindjan, M. J. Tozer, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett,. 1997, 7, 1289–1292 (R¹═H; R⁸═H); Beilstein Registry Number: 459155 (R¹═H; R⁸=4,5-MeO₂).

A64: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to Scheme 24.

A65 and A 67: Compounds of these types can be prepared according to Schemes 25 and 26.

A66: See G. L. Grunewald, L. H. Dahanukar, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1994, 31, 1609–1618 (R¹═H; R⁸═H, 8-NO₂; C(1)=O).

A68: See Griesbeck, H. Mauder, I. Müller, Chem. Ber. 1992, 11, 2467–2476; (R¹═R⁸═H; C(1)═O).

A69: R. Kreher, W. Gerhardt, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1981, 240–247 (R¹═R⁸═H).

As explained above, building blocks A70 belong to the class of open-chain α-substituted α-amino acids, A71 and A72 to the class of the the corresponding β-amino acid analogues and A73–A104 to the class of the cyclic analogues of A70.

Building blocks of types A70 and A73–A104 have been synthesized by several different general methods: by [2+2] cycloaddition of ketenes with imines (I. Ojima, H. J. C. Chen, X. Quin, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 44, 5307–5318); by asymmetric aldol reaction (Y. Ito, M. Sawamura, E. Shirakawa, K. Hayashikazi, T. Hayashi, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 235–238; by the oxazolidinone method (J. S. Amato, L. M. Weinstock, S. Karady, U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,921 A; M. Gander-Coquoz, D. Seebach, Helv. Chem. Acta 1988, 71, 224–236; A. K. Beck, D. Seebach, Chimia 1988, 42, 142–144; D. Seebach, J. D. Aebi, M. Gander-Coquoz, R. Naef, Helv. Chim. Acta 1987, 70, 1194–1216; D. Seebach, A. Fadel, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 68, 1243–1250; J. D. Aebi, D. Seebach, Helv. Chim. Acta 1985, 68, 1507–1518; A. Fadel, J. Salaun, Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 2243–2246); by Schmidt- rearrangement of α,α-disubstituted α-ketoesters (G. I. Georg, X. Guan, J. Kant, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 403–406); asymmetric synthesis via chiral Ni(II)-derived Schiff-bases (Y. N. Belokon, V. I. Baktmutov, N. I. Chemoglazova, K. A. Kochetov, S. V. Vitt, N. S. Garbalinskaya, V. M. Belikov, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1988, 305–312; M. Kolb, J. Barth, Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1983, 1668–1688); by the bis-lactim ether synthesis (U. Schöllkopf, R. Hinrichs, R. Lonsky, Angew. Chem. 1987, 99, 137–138); by microbial resolution (K. Sakashita, I. Watanabe, JP 62/253397 A2) and by the hydantoin method combined with resolution of the racemic amino acids with chiral auxilliaries derived from L-phenylalanine amides (D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, J. Daly, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 10883–10900; D. Obrecht, C. Lehmann, C. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 1567–1587; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580; D. Obrecht, H. Karajiannis, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 703–714; D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 4080–4086; D. Obrecht, C. Abrecht, M. Altorfer, U. Bohdal, A. Grieder, P. Pfyffer, K. Müller, Helv. Chim. Acta 1996, 79, 1315–1337). The latter method has been especially useful in preparing both enantiomers of building blocks of type A70 (see Scheme 27) and A73–A104 (see Scheme 28) in pure form.

The method depicted in Scheme 27 consists in treatment of the appropriate ketones 126 with KCN, (NH₄)₂CO₃ in a mixture of ethanol/water (E. Ware, J. Chem. Res. 1950, 46, 403; L. H. Goodson, I. L. Honigberg, J. J. Lehmann, W. H. Burton, J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 1920; S. N. Rastogi, J. S. Bindra, N. Anand, Ind. J. Chem. 1971, 1175) to yield the corresponding hydantoins 127, which were hydrolyzed with Ba(OH) in water at 120–140° (R. Sarges, R. C. Schur, J. L. Belletire, M. J. Paterson, J. Med. Chem. 1988, 31, 230) to give 128 in high yields. Schotten-Baumann acylation (Houben-Weyl, ‘Methoden der Organischen Chemie’, Volume XI/2, Stickstoff-Verbindungen II und III′, Georg Tieme Verlag, Stuttgart, pp 339) followed by cyclization with N,N′-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide gave azlactones 129 (D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580; D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696). Alternatively, azlactones 129 could also be prepared starting from amino acids 130 and 131, Schotten-Baumann acylation and cyclization with N,N′-dicyclohexyl carbodimide to azlactones 132 and 133 and alkylation to yield 129 (D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580; D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696)(see Scheme 1). Treatment of 129 with L-phenylalanine cyclohexylamide (D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580) gave diastereomeric peptides 134 and 135, which could be conveniently separated by flash-chromatography or crystallisation. Treatment of 134 and 135 with methanesulphonic acid in methanol at 80° gave esters 136a and 136b which were converted into the corresponding Fmoc-protected final building blocks 137a and 137b.

According to the general method described in Scheme 28 (D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580; D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696) A73–A104 can be prepared starting from the corresponding ketones 138, hydantoin formation (139) (E. Ware, J. Chem. Res. 1950, 46, 403; L. H. Goodson, I. L. Honigberg, J. J. Lehmann, W. H. Burton, J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 1920; S. N. Rastogi, J. S. Bindra, N. Anand, Ind. J. Chem. 1971, 1175; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580) and saponification (Ba(OH)₂) to yield the racemic amino acids 140, which upon Schotten-Baumann-acylation and cyclization with N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide gave azlactones 141. Reaction with L-phenylalanine cyclohexylamide (D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580) gave the diastereomeric peptides 142 and 143, which were separated by flash-chromatography or crystallization. Treatment of 142 and 143 with methanesulphonic acid in methanol at 80° gave esters 144a and 144b which were converted into the corresponding suitably protected amino acid precursors 145a and 145b, ready for peptide synthesis.

A71: Amino acid building blocks of this type (see formula 147) can be conveniently prepared from the corresponding disubstituted succinates 146 by Curtius-rearrangement as shown in Scheme 29.

A71: See D. Seebach, S. Abele, T. Sifferlen, M. Haenggi, S. Gruner, P. Seiler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 2218–2243 (R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ form: —(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₃—; —(CH₂)₄—; —(CH₂)₅—; R²⁰═H); L. Ducrie, S. Reinelt, P. Seiler, F. Diederich, D. R. Bolin, R. M. Campbell, G. L. Olson, Helv. Chim. Acta 1999, 82, 2432–2447; C. N. C. Drey, R. J. Ridge, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1981, 2468–2471; U. P. Dhokte, V. V. Khau, D. R. Hutchinson, M. J. Martinelli, Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 8771–8774 (R¹⁸═R¹⁹=Me; R²⁰═H); D. L. Varie, D. A. Hay, S. L. Andis, T. H. Corbett, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 369–374 (R¹⁸═R¹⁹=Et); Testa, J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 1928–1936 (R¹⁸=Et; R¹⁹=Ph); M. Haddad, C. Wakselman, J. Fluorine Chem. 1995, 73, 57–60 (R¹⁸=Me; R¹⁹═CF₃; R²⁰═H); T. Shono, K. Tsubata, N. Okinaga, J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 1056–1059 (R¹⁸═R¹⁹═R²⁰=Me); K. Ikeda, Y. Terao, M. Seldya, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1981, 29, 1747–1749 (R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ form: —(CH₂)₅—; R²⁰=Me).

Amino acid building blocks of type A72 can be conveniently prepared by Arndt-Eistert C1-homologation of compounds of type A70 according to Scheme 30.

A72: See Y. V. Zeifman, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Trans.) 1967, 37, 2355–2363 (R¹⁸═R¹⁹═CF₃); W. R. Schoen, J. M. Pisano, K. Pendergast, M. J. Wyvratt, M. H. Fisher, J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 897–906; S. Thaisrivongs, D. T. Pals, D. W. DuCharme, S. Turner, G. L. DeGraaf, J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 655–642; T. K. Hansen, H. Thoegersen, B. S. Hansen, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1997, 7, 2951–2954; R. J. DeVita, R. Bochis, A. J. Frontier, A. Kotliar, M. H. Fisher, J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 1716–1728; D. Seebach, P. E. Ciceri, M. Overhand, B. Jaun, D. Rigo, Helv. Chim. Acta 1996, 79, 2043–2066; R. P. Nargund, K. H. Barakat, K. Cheng, W. Chan, B. R. Butler, A. A. Patchett, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 1265–1270 (R¹⁸═R¹⁹=Me); E. Altmann, K. Nebel, M. Mutter, Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 800–806 (R¹⁸=Me; R¹⁹═COOMe).

A73: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to C. Mapelli, G. Tarocy, F. Schwitzer, C. H. Stammer, J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 145–149 (R²¹=4-OHC₆H₄); F. Elrod, E. M. Holt, C. Mapelli, C. H. Stammer, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1988, 252–253 (R²¹═CH₂COOMe); R. E. Mitchell, M. C. Pirrung, G. M. McGeehan, Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 2695 (R²¹═CH₂OH), J. Bland, A. Batolussi, C. H. Stammer, J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 992–995 R²¹═CH₂NH₂). Additional derivatives of A73 have been described by T. Wakamiya, Y. Oda, H. Fujita, T. Shiba, Tetrahedron Lett. 1986, 27, 2143–2134; U. Schöllkopf, B. Hupfeld, R Gull, Angew. Chem. 1986, 98, 755–756; J. E. Baldwin, R. M. Adlington, B. J. Rawlings, Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 26, 481–484; D. Kalvin, K. Ramalinggar, R. Woodard, Synth. Comm. 1985, 15, 267–272 and L. M. Izquierdo, I. Arenal, M. Bemabe, E. Alvarez, Tetrahedron Lett. 1985, 41, 215–220.

A74: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding cyclobutanones.

A75 and A76: Compounds of this type can be prepared using the following methods: P. Hughes, J. Clardy, J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 4793–4796; E. A. Bell, M. Y. Qureshi, R. J. Pryce, D. H. Janzen, P. Lemke, J. Clardy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 1409; Y. Gaoni, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 1591–1594; R. D. Allan, J. R. Haurahan, T. W. Hambley, G. A. R. Johnston, K. N. Mewett, A. D. Mitrovic, J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 2905–2915 (R²³═COOH); G. W. Fleet, J. A. Seijas, M. Vasquez Tato, Tetrahedron 1988, 44, 2077–2080 (R²³═CH₂OH).

A77: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to J. H. Burcihalter, G. Schmied, J. Pharm. Sci. 1966, 55, 443–445 (R²³=aryl).

A78: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to J. C. Watkins, P. Kroosgard-Larsen, T. Honoré, TIPS 1990, 11, 25–33; F. Trigalo, D. Brisson, R. Azerad, Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 6109 (R²⁴═COOH).

A79: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding pyrrolidine-3-ones.

A80–A82: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to D. M. Walker, E. W. Logusch, Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1181–1184; Y. Morimoto, K. Achiwa, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989, 35, 3845–3849; J. Yoshimura, S. Kondo, M. Ihara, H. Hashimoto, Carbohydrate Res. 1982, 99, 129–142.

A83: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding pyrazoline-4-ones.

A84: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to R. M. Pinder, B. H. Butcher, D. H. Buxton, D. J. Howells, J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 892–893; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580.

A85: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding indane-1,3-diones.

A86: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding indane-2-ones.

A87: Compounds of this type and analogues thereof can be prepared according to C. Cativiela, M. D. Diaz de Villegas, A. Avenoza, J. M. Peregrina, Tetrahedron 1993, 47, 10987–10996; C. Cativiela, P. Lopez, J. A. Mayoral, Tetrahedron Assymmetry 1990, 1, 379; C. Cativiela, J. A. Mayoral, A. Avenoza, M. Gonzalez, M. A. Rey, Synthesis 1990, 1114.

A87 and A88: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to L. Munday, J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 4372; J. Ansell, D. Morgan, H. C. Price, Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 47, 4615–4616.

A89: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 stating from the corresponding piperidine-3-ones.

A90: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding tetahydrothiapyran-3-ones.

A91: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding tetrahydropyran-3-ones.

A92: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding piperidine-2,5-diones.

A93: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding cyclohexanones.

A94: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 4208.

A95: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to N. J. Lewis, R. L. Inloes, J. Hes, R. H. Matthews, G. Milo, J. Med. Chem. 1978, 21, 1070–1073.

A96: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding tetrahydropyran-4-ones.

A97: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding piperidine-2,4-diones.

A98: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding 1-tetralones (D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696).

A99: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding tetraline-1,4-dione mono-diethylacetals.

A100: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding tetrahydroquinolin-4-ones.

A101: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to general method described in Scheme 28 starting from the corresponding tetrahydroquinoline-2,4-diones.

A102: Compounds of this type can be prepared according to K. Ishizumi, N. Ohashi, N. Tanno, J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 4477–4485; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563–580; D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666–1696; D. R. Haines, R. W. Fuller, S. Ahmad, D. T. Vistica, V. E. Marquez, J. Med. Chem. 1987, 30, 542–547; T. Decks, P. A. Crooks, R. D. Waigh, J. Pharm. Sci 1984, 73, 457–460; I. A. Blair, L. N. Mander, Austr. J. Chem. 1979, 32, 1055–1065.

Overviews dealing with building blocks of types (b)–(p) are: S. Hanessian, G. McNaughton-Smith, H.-G. Lombart, W. D. Lubell, Tetrahedron 1997, 38, 12789–12854; D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, “Novel Peptide Mimetic Building Blocks and Strategies for Efficient Lead Finding”, Adv. Med. Chem. 1999, Vol. 4, 1–68

Templates of type (b1) can be prepared according to Schemes 31 and 32.

-   i: Treatment of 150 with a dehydrating reagent such as     thionylchloride in methanol at an elevated temperature, conveniently     at reflux. -   ii: Introduction of Boc, e.g. using di-tert.butyl dicarbonate and     triethylamine in a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane; any     other suitable N-protecting group (not shown in Reaction Scheme 31)     can be introduced in an analogous manner. -   iii: Reaction of formed product with phthalimide, diethyl     diazodicarboxylate and triphenylphoshine under standard Mitsunobu     conditions (Mitsunobu, O.; Wada, M.; Sano, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc.     1972, 94, 672) to conveniently yield 151. -   iv: Treatment of 151 with trifluoracetic acid in dichloromethane. -   v: 152 is coupled under standard peptide coupling conditions with     Cbz-Asp(tBu)OH in DMF with reagents such as HBTU and     1-hydroxybenztriazole (HOBt) with a base such as     diisopropylethylamine to yield 153. -   vi: Removal of the Cbz-group, conveniently by hydrogenation using H₂     and a catalyst such as Palladium on charcoal, in solvents such as     ethanol, DMF and ethyl acetate. -   vii: The phthalimide group is cleaved off from the resulting     product, conveniently by treatment with hydrazine in a suitable     solvent such as ethanol at an elevated temperature, suitably at     about 80° C. and cleavage of the formed product with trifluoracetic     acid in CH₂Cl₂. -   viii: The formed amino acid is conveniently protected with reagents     such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride or     9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succininide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 154     as described by Bisang, C.; Weber, C.; Robinson, J. A. Helv. Chim.     Acta 1996, 79, 1825–1842.

-   i: Treatment of 150 with a dehydrating reagent such as thionyl     chloride in a suitable solvent such as methanol at an elevated     temperature, conveniently at reflux. -   ii: The resulting amino acid ester is N-protected under standard     conditions for introducing the Cbz-group, e.g. using     benzyloxycarbonyl chloride and triethylamine in a suitable solvent     such as dichloromethane. -   iii: The Cbz-protected amino acid methyl ester is treated with     trimethylsilylchloride and a base such as triethylamine in a solvent     such as tetrahydrofuran, cooled, conveniently to about −78° C.,     followed by reaction with a strong base such as lithium     diisopropylamide or lithium hexamethyldisilylazide and tert.-butyl     bromoacetate yielding 155 as a mixture of diastereomers as described     by Bisang, C.; Jiang, L.; Freund, E.; Emery, F.; Bauch, C.; Matile,     H,; Pluschke, G.; Robinson, J. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120,     7439–7449; Emery, F.; Bisang, C.; Favre, M.; Jiang, L.;     Robinson, J. A. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1996, 2155–2156. -   iv: Reaction of 155 with phthalimide, diethyl diazodicarboxylate and     triphenylphosphine under standard Mitsunobu conditions (Mitsunobu,     O.; Wada, M.; Sano, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 672). -   v: The resulting product is hydrogenated using H₂ and a suitable     catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a solvent such as ethyl     acetate, DMF or ethanol; subsequently separation of diastereomers     takes place and yields 156. -   vi: 156 is coupled with Fmoc-Asp(alkyl)OH under standard peptide     coupling conditions using reagents such as HATU, HOAt and a base     such as diisopropylethylamine in a suitable solvent such as DMF. -   vii: Cyclization, conveniently with DBU in DMF to yield 157. -   viii: The phthalimide group is cleaved off from resulting product,     conveniently by hydrazinolysis, e.g. treatment with methylhydrazine     in a suitable solvent such as DMF. -   ix: The formed product is conveniently protected with reagents such     as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride or 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbanyl     succinimide using a base such as sodium carbonate or triethylamine     in a suitable solvent or mixture of solvents such as dioxane and     water, or dichloromethane to yield 158. -   x: Standard removal of an alkyl ester group using e.g. palladium(0)     as catalyst gives 159.

Templates of type (b2) can be prepared according to Scheme 33.

-   i: 160 (obtainable from Vitamin C as described by Hubschwerlen, C.     (Synthesis 1986, 962) is treated with phthalimide, diethyl     diazodicarboxylate and triphenylphoshine under standard Mitsunobu     conditions (Mitsunobu, O.; Wada, M.; Sano, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc.     1972, 94, 672). -   ii: The phthalimide group is cleaved off from the product,     conveniently by hydrazinolysis, e.g. by treatment with     methylhydrazine in a suitable solvent such as DMF. -   iii: The amino group is protected by treatment with a benzoylating     reagent such as benzoic acid anhydride or benzoylchloride and a base     such as triethylamine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine in a suitable     solvent such as dichloromethane or DMF. -   iv: Removal of the 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl group, e.g. with K₂S₂O₈ and     Na₂HPO₄ in aqueous acetonitrile at an elevated temperature, e.g. at     about 80° C. -   v: Introduction of a tert.-butoxycarbonyl group using e.g.     di-tert.-butyloxycarbonyl dicarbonate, triethylamine and a catalytic     amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine in a suitable solvent such as     dichloromethane. -   vi: Reaction with aqueous sodium carbonate in tetrahydrofuran     followed by acidification. -   vii: Esterification of the carboxylic acid group, conveniently with     diazomethane in a suitable solvent such as diethylether yielding     161. -   viii Removal of the Cbz-group, conveniently by hydrogenation with H₂     in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a     solvent such as DMF to yield 161 as described by Pfeifer, M.;     Robinson, J. A. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1977. -   ix: 161 is coupled under standard peptide coupling conditions with     Cbz-Asp(tBu)OH in DMF with reagents such as HBTU and     1-hydroxybenztriazole with a base such as diisopropylethylamine to     yield 162 as described by Pfeifer, M.; Robinson, J. A. J. Chem. Soc.     Chem. Commun. 1998, 1977. -   x: Removal of the Cbz-group, e.g. by hydrogenation using H₂ and a     catalyst such as palladium on charcoal under standard conditions,     yields 163 as described by Pfeifer, M.; Robinson, J. A, J. Chem.     Soc. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1977. -   xi: Cleavage of the tert.-butyl ester and tert.-butyloxycarbonyl     groups, conveniently using trifluoracetic acid in dichloromethane or     4N hydrochloric acid in dioxane. -   xii: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently     protected with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride     or 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 164     as described by Pfeifer, M.; Robinson, J. A. J. Chem. Soc. Chem.     Commun. 1998, 1977.

Templates of type (c1) can be prepared according to Schemes 34 to 37.

-   i: 166 can be synthesized from 165 according to P. Waldmeier,     “Solid-supported synthesis of highly substituted xanthene-derived     templates for the synthesis of β-turn stabilized cyclic peptide     libraries”, PhD-thesis, University of Zurich, 1996. For cleaving the     phthalimide group 166 is conveniently submitted to hydrazinolysis,     e.g. by treatment with hydrazine hydrate in a suitable solvent such     as ethanol at an elevated temperature, e.g. at about 80° C. -   ii: The intermediate aminonitrile is saponified, conveniently under     basic conditions, e.g. with aqueous sodium hydroxide in a suitable     solvent such as ethanol at an elevated temperature, conveniently     under reflux, to yield 167. -   iii: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently     protected with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride     or 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 168     as described by P. Waldmeier, “Solid-supported synthesis of highly     substituted xanthene-derived templates for the synthesis of β-turn     stabilized cyclic peptide libraries”, PhD-thesis, University of     Zurich, 1996. -   iv: Regioselective bromination of 167 is performed preferably with     bromine in acetic acid and dichloromethane. In a similar fashion     R³⁷═NO₂ can be introduced by treatment with HNO₃ in acetic acid and     R³⁷═CH₂—NPht by treatment with hydroxymethyl phthalimide in H₂SO₄. -   v: The amino group is conveniently Cbz-protected with reagents such     as benzyloxycarbonyl chloride or succinimide in a suitable solvent     such as dioxane in presence of a base such as aqueous sodium     hydroxide. -   vi: The carboxylic acid group is esterified, preferably with DBU and     methyl iodide in DMF to yield 169. -   vii: Introduction of lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl and aryl     substituents (R³⁷), conveniently by palladium(0)-catalyzed     Stille-(Stille, J. K. Angew. Chem. 1986, 68, 504) and     Suzuki-couplings (Oh-e, T.; Mijaura, N.; Suzuki, A. J. Org. Chem.     1993, 58, 2201). Any other functionalization known for aryl bromides     can be employed for introduction of substituents R³⁷. -   viii: Removal of the Cbz-group, e.g. by hydrogenation using H² and a     catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a suitable solvent such as     ethanol, DMF and ethyl acetate. -   ix: Hydrolysis of the ester group, conveniently under acidic     conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, preferably at     about 100° C. -   x: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently protected     with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride or     9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 170.

-   i: Double ortho-bromination of 171 is performed preferably with     excess bromine in acetic acid and dichloromethane. In a similar     fashion R³⁷═R³⁸═NO₂ can be introduced by treatment with HNO₃ in     acetic acid and R³⁷═R³⁸═CH₂—NPht by treatment with hydroxymethyl     phthalimide in H₂SO₄. -   ii: The amino group is protected, conveniently Cbz-protected, with     reagents such as benzyloxycarbonyl chloride or succinimide in a     suitable solvent such as dioxane in the presence of a base such as     aqueous sodium hydroxide. -   iii: The carboxylic acid group is esterified, preferably with DBU     and methyl iodide in DMF to yield 172. -   iv: Introduction of lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl and aryl     substituents (R³⁷═R³⁸), e.g. by palladium(0)-catalyzed     Stille-(Stifle, J. K. Angew. Chem. 1986, 68, 504) and     Suzuki-couplings (Oh-e, T.; Mijaura, N.; Suzuki, A. J. Org. Chem.     1993, 58, 2201). Any other functionalization known for aryl     brormides can be employed for introduction of substituents R³⁷ and     R³⁸. -   v: Removal of the Cbz-group of 173, e.g. by hydrogenation using H₂     and a catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a suitable solvent     such as ethanol, DMF or ethyl acetate. -   vi: Hydrolysis of the ester group, conveniently under acidic     conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, conveniently at     about 100° C. -   vii: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently     protected with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride     or 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 174.

-   i: Cleavage of the methoxy groups of 166, preferably by treatment     with an excess of boron tribromide in a suitable solvent such as     dichloromethane. -   ii: Hydrolysis of the cyano group under acidic conditions,     preferably with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable solvent     such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, conveniently at about     100° C. -   iii: The resulting acid is treated with a dehydrating agent such as     thionyl chloride in a suitable solvent such as dioxane to yield 175. -   iv: Treatment of 175 with an appropriate triflating reagent,     preferably trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride in the presence     of a base such as 2,6-di-tert.-butyl-pyridine in a suitable solvent     such as dichloromethane. -   v: Heating of the intermediate, conveniently in a suitable solvent     such as methanol. -   vi: Introduction of lower alkyl or aryl-lower alkyl (R³⁵) by     alkylation to yield 177. Any other functionalization known for     phenol groups can be employed for introduction of substituents R³⁵. -   vii: Introduction of lower alkyl or aryl (R³⁶), conveniently by     palladium(0)-catalyzed Suzuki-coupling (Ohe, T.; Mijaura, N.;     Suzuki, A. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 2201) to yield 178. Any other     functionalization known for aryl bromides can be employed for     introduction of substituents R³⁶. -   viii: Hydrolysis of the ester group under acidic conditions,     conveniently with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, e.g. at about     100° C. -   ix: Cleavage of the phthalimido group, conveniently by     hydrazinolysis, e.g. with hydrazine hydrate in a suitable solvent     such as ethanol. -   x: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently protected     with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride or     9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 179.

-   i: Bromination of 175 using reagents such as bromine in a mixture of     acetic acid and dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from about     0° C. to about room temperature. -   ii: Benzoylation of the hydroxy group using an appropriate acylating     agent such as benzoyl chloride or benzoic acid anhydride, a base     such as pyridine or triethylamine and a suitable solvent such as     dichloromethane to yield 180. -   iii: 180 is treated with methanol and a catalytic amount of an     acidic catalyst such as camphor sulfonic acid under heating. -   iv: Introduction of lower alkyl or aryl-lower alkyl (R³⁵) by     alkylation using a base such as sodium hydride or potassium     tert.-butoxide in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane     or DMF gives 181. -   v: Lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl and aryl substituents (R³⁸)     are introduced, e.g. by palladium(0)-catalyzed Stille-(Stille, J. K.     Angew. Chem. 1986, 68, 504) and Suzuki-couplings (Oh-e, T.; Mijaura,     N.; Suzuki, A. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 2201). Any other     functionalization known for aryl bromides can be employed for     introduction of substituents R³⁸. -   vi: For cleaving the benzyloxy group the intermediate is     conveniently heated with sodium cyanide adsorbed on aluminum oxide     and methanol. -   vii: Treatment with an appropriate triflating reagent, preferably     trifluoromethanesulfonic acid anhydride, in the presence of a base     such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-pyridine in a suitable solvent such as     dichloromethane. -   viii: Introduction of lower alkyl and aryl substituents (R³⁶), e.g.     by palladium(0)-catalyzed Stille-(Stille, J. K. Angew. Chem. 1986,     68, 504) and Suzuki-couplings (Oh-e, T.; Mijaura, N.; Suzuki, A. J.     Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 2201) yields 182. Any other functionalization     known for aryl bromides can be employed for introduction of     substituents R³⁶. -   ix: Bromination under standard conditions such as using bromine in     acetic acid and dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from about     0° C. to about room temperature. -   x: Lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl and aryl substituents (R³⁷)     are introduced, e.g. by palladium(0)-catalyzed Stille-(Stille, J. K.     Angew. Chem. 1986, 68, 504) and Suzuki-couplings (Oh-e, T.; Mijaura,     N.; Suzuki, A. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 2201) to yield 184. Any other     functionalization known for aryl bromides can be employed for     introduction of substituents R³⁷. -   xi: The ester group is hydrolyzed under acidic conditions,     conveniently with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, e.g. at about     100° C. -   xii: The phthalimido group is cleaved, e.g. by hydrazinolysis,     conveniently with hydrazine hydrate in a suitable solvent such as     ethanol. -   xiii: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently     protected with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride     or 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 185.

Templates of type (c2) can be prepared as shown in Schemes 38 and 39.

-   i: 3,7-Dimethoxyphenothiazine 186 is prepared and converted into 187     according to Müller, K.; Obrecht, D.; Knierzinger, A.; Spiegler, C.;     Bannwarth, W.; Trzeciak, A.; Englert, G.; Labhardt, A.;     Schönholzer, P. Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry, Editor Testa,     B.; Kyburz, E.; Fubrer, W.; Giger, R., Weinheim, New York, Basel,     Cambridge: Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1993, 513–531; Bannwarth,     W.; Gerber, F.; Grieder, A.; Knierzinger, A.; Müller, K.; Obrecht.     D.; Trzeciak, A. Can. Pat. Appl. CA2101599(131 pages). The benzyl     group is cleaved off from 187 conveniently by hydrogenation, e.g.     with H₂ and a catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a suitable     solvent such as ethanol, DMF or ethyl acetate. -   ii: Introduction of lower alkyl (R⁴³) by alkylation using an     appropriate alkylating agent (R⁴³—X′; X′═OTf, Br, I) and strong     bases such as sodium amide in liquid ammonia or sodium hydride in     tetrahydrofuran, dioxan or DMF in the presence of a phase transfer     catalyst such as TDA-I. In a similar manner substituted lower alkyl     (R⁴³) can be introduced; thus, for example R⁴³═CH₂COOR⁵⁵ and     CH₂CH₂COOR⁵⁵ can be introduced by treatment with the appropriate     2-halo acetic and, respectively, 3-halo propionic acid derivatives.     Any other functionalization known for diarylamines can be employed     for introduction of substituents R⁴³. -   iii: Cleavage of the methoxy groups of 188, conveniently by     treatment with an excess of boron tribromide in a suitable solvent     such as dichloromethane at temperatures ranging from about −20° C.     to about room temperature. -   iv: For the introduction of lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl or     aryl-lower alkyl substituents (R³⁹ and R⁴⁰) the intermediate     bis-phenol derivative is conveniently reacted with a reagent of the     formula R³⁹— and R⁴⁰—X′ (X′═OTf, Br, I) in the presence of strong     bases such as sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran, dioxan or DMF in     the presence of a phase transfer catalyst such as TDA-I. Any other     functionalization known for phenol groups can be employed for     introduction of substituents R³⁹ and R⁴⁰. -   v: The cyano group of 188 and, respectively, 189 is hydrolyzed,     conveniently under acidic conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous     hydrochloric acid in a suitable solvent such as dioxane at an     elevated temperature, e.g. at about 100° C. -   vi: The phthalimide group of the intermediate is cleaved,     conveniently by hydrazinolysis, e.g. with hydrazine hydrate in a     suitable solvent such as ethanol. -   vii: The free amino group is conveniently protected with reagents     such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride or     9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 190     and, respectively, 191.

-   i: The cyano group of 188 is hydrolyzed, conveniently under acidic     conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, e.g. at about     100° C. -   ii: The phthalimide group of the intermediate is cleaved,     conveniently by hydrazinolysis, e.g. with hydrazine hydrate in a     suitable solvent such as ethanol to yield 192. -   iii: Double ortho-bromination of 192 is performed preferably with     excess bromine in acetic acid and dichloromethane. In a similar     fashion R⁴¹═R⁴²═NO₂ can be introduced by treatment with HNO₃ in     acetic acid and R⁴¹═R⁴²═CH₂—NPht by treatment with hydroxymethyl     phthalimide in H₂SO₄. Any other functionalization by electrophilic     aromatic substitution known can be employed for introduction of     substituents R⁴¹ and R⁴². -   iv: The amino group is protected, conveniently Cbz-protected, with     reagents such as benzyloxycarbonyl chloride or succinimide in a     suitable solvent such as dioxane in the presence of a base such as     aqueous sodium hydroxide. -   v: The carboxylic acid group is esterified, preferably with DBU and     methyl iodide in DMF to yield 193. -   vi: Regioselective bromination of 192 is performed preferably with     bromine in acetic acid and dichloromethane. In a similar fashion     R⁴¹═NO₂ can be introduced by treatment with HNO₃ in acetic acid and     R⁴¹═CH₂—NPt by treatment with hydroxymethyl phthalimide in H₂SO₄.     Any other functionalization by electrophilic aromatic substitution     known can be employed for introduction of substituents R⁴¹. -   vii: The amino group is conveniently Cbz-protected with reagents     such as benzyloxycarbonyl chloride or succinimide in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane in presence of a base such as aqueous sodium     hydroxide. -   viii: The carboxylic acid group is esterified, preferably with DBU     and methyl iodide in DMF to yield 194. -   ix: Introduction of lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl and aryl     substituents (R⁴¹) for 194 and (R⁴¹ and R⁴²) for 193, conveniently     by palladium(0)-catalyzed Stille-(Stille, J. K. Angew. Chem. 1986,     68, 504) and Suzuki-couplings (Oh-e, T.; Mijaura, N.; Suzuki, A. J.     Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 2201). Any other functionalization known for     aryl bromides can be employed for introduction of substituents R⁴¹     and R⁴². -   x: Removal of the Cbz-group, e.g. by hydrogenation using H₂ and a     catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a suitable solvent such as     ethanol, DMF and ethyl acetate. -   xi: Hydrolysis of the ester group, conveniently under acidic     conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, preferably at     about 100° C. -   xii: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently     protected with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride     or 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 195     and 196.

Templates of type (c3) can be prepared as shown in Schemes 40 and 41.

-   i: 197 can be prepared from commercial resorufin and coverted into     198 according to Müller, K.; Obrecht, D.; Knierzinger, A.; Spiegler,     C.; Bannwarth, W.; Trzeciak, A.; Englert, G.; Labhardt, A.;     Schönholzer, P. Perspectives in Medicinal Chemistry, Editor Testa,     B.; Kyburz, E.; Fubrer, W.; Giger, R., Weinheim, New York, Basel,     Cambridge: Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1993, 513–531; Bannwarth,     W.; Gerber, F.; Grieder, A.; Knierzinger, A.; Müller, K.; Obrecht.     D.; Trzeciak, A. Can. Pat. Appl. CA2101599(131 pages). For splitting     off the benzyl group 198 is conveniently hydrogenated e.g. with H₂     and a catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a suitable solvent     such as ethanol, DMF or ethyl acetate. -   ii: Introduction of lower alkyl (R⁴³) by alkylation with R⁴³—X′     (X′═OTf, Br, I) using strong bases such as sodium amide in liquid     ammonia or sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran, dioxan or DMF in the     presence of a phase transfer catalyst such as TDA-I to yield 199. In     a similar manner substituted lower alkyl (R⁴³) can be introduced;     thus, for example, R⁴³═CH₂COOR⁵⁵ and CH₂CH₂COOR⁵⁵ can be introduced     by treatment with the appropriate 2-halo acetic and, respectively,     3-halo propionic acid derivatives. Any other functionalization of     diarylamino groups known can be employed for introduction of     substituents R⁴³. -   iii: Cleavage of the methoxy groups of 199, conveniently by     treatment with excess boron tribromide in dichloromethane at     temperatures ranging from about −20° to about room temperature. -   iv: The intermediate bis-phenol derivative is preferably reacted     with R³⁹ and R⁴⁰—X′ (X′═OTf, Br, I) in the presence of strong bases     such as sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran, dioxan or DMF in the     presence of a phase transfer catalyst such as TDA-I. Any other     functionalization for phenol groups can be employed for introduction     of substituents R³⁹ and R⁴⁰. -   v: The cyano group of 199 and, respectively, 200 is hydrolyzed under     acidic conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a     suitable solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature,     conveniently at about 100° C. -   vi: The phthalimide group is cleaved, conveniently by     hydrazinolysis, e.g. with hydrazine hydrate in suitable solvent such     as ethanol. -   vii: The free amino group is conveniently protected with reagents     such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride or     9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 201     and, respectively, 202.

-   i: The cyano group of 199 is hydrolyzed, conveniently under acidic     conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, e.g. at about     100° C. -   ii: The phthalimide group of the intermediate is cleaved,     conveniently by hydrazinolysis, e.g. with hydrazine hydrate in a     suitable solvent such as ethanol to yield 203. -   iii: Double ortho-bromination of 203 is performed preferably with     excess bromine in acetic acid and dichloromethane. In a similar     fashion R⁴¹═R⁴²═NO₂ can be introduced by treatment with HNO₃ in     acetic acid and R⁴¹═R⁴²═CH₂—NPht by treatment with hydroxymethyl     phthalimide in H₂SO₄. Any other functionalization by electrophilic     aromatic substitution can be employed for introduction of     substituents R⁴¹ and R⁴². -   iv: The amino group is protected, conveniently Cbz-protected, with     reagents such as benzyloxycarbonyl chloride or succinimide in a     suitable solvent such as dioxane in the presence of a base such as     aqueous sodium hydroxide. -   v: The carboxylic acid group is esterified, preferably with DBU and     methyl iodide in DMF to yield 204. -   vi: Regioselective bromination of 203 is performed preferably with     bromine in acetic acid and dichloromethane. In a similar fashion     R⁴¹═NO₂ can be introduced by treatment with HNO₃ in acetic acid and     R⁴¹═CR₂—NPht by treatment with hydroxymethyl phthalimide in H₂SO₄. -   vii: The amino group is conveniently Cbz-protected with reagents     such as benzyloxycarbonyl chloride or succinimide in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane in presence of a base such as aqueous sodium     hydroxide. -   viii: The carboxylic acid group is esterified, preferably with DBU     and methyl iodide in DMF to yield 205. -   ix: Introduction of lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl and aryl     substituents (R⁴¹) for 205 and (R⁴¹ and R⁴²) for 204, conveniently     by palladium(0)-catalyzed Stille-(Stille, J. K. Angew. Chem. 1986,     68, 504) and Suzuki-couplings (Oh-e, T.; Mijaura, N.; Suzuki, A. J.     Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 2201). Any other functionalization known for     aryl bromides can be employed for introduction of substituents R⁴¹     and R⁴². -   x: Removal of the Cbz-group, e.g. by hydrogenation using H₂ and a     catalyst such as palladium on charcoal in a suitable solvent such as     ethanol, DMF and ethyl acetate. -   xi: Hydrolysis of the ester group, conveniently under acidic     conditions, e.g. with 25% aqueous hydrochloric acid in a suitable     solvent such as dioxane at an elevated temperature, preferably at     about 100° C. -   xii: The intermediate free amino acid formed is conveniently     protected with reagents such as 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl chloride     or 9-fluorenylmethoxcarbonyl succinimide using a base such as sodium     carbonate or triethylamine in a suitable solvent or mixture of     solvents such as dioxane and water, or dichloromethane to yield 206     and 207.

Templates(d) can be prepared according to D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 10883; D. Obrecht, C. Abrecht, M. Altorfer, U. Bohdal, A. Grieder, M. Kleber, P. Pfyffer, K. Müller, Helv. Chim. Acta 1996, 79, 1315–1337.

Templates (e1) and (e2): See R. Mueller, L. Revesz, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4091; H.-G. Lubell, W. D. Lubell, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9437; L. Colombo, M. DiGiacomo, G. Papeo, O. Carugo, C. Scolastico, L. Manzoni, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 4031.

Templates (e3): See S. Hanessian, B. Ronan, A. Laoui, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1994, 4, 1397.

Templates (e4): See S. Hanessian, G. McNaughton-Smith, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1996, 6, 1567.

Templates (f): See T. P. Curran, P. M. McEnay, Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 191–194.

Templates (g): See D. Gramberg, C. Weber, R. Beeli, J. Inglis, C. Bruns, J. A. Robinson, Helv. Chem. Acta 1995, 78, 1588–1606; K. H. Kim, J. P. Dumas, J. P. Germanas, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3138–3144.

Templates (h): See S. de Lombart, L. Blanchard, L. B. Stamford, D. M. Sperbeck, M. D. Grim, T. M. Jenson, H. R. Rodriguez, Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 7513–7516.

Templates (i1): See J. A. Robl, D. S. Karanewski, M. M. Asaad, Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 5, 773–758.

Templates (i2): See T. P. Burkholder, T.-B. Le, E. L. Giroux, G. A. Flynn, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1992, 2, 579.

Templates (i3) and (i4): See L. M. Simpkins, J. A. Robl, M. P. Cimarusti, D. E. Ryono, J. Stevenson, C.-Q. Sun, E. W. Petrillo, D. S. Karanewski, M. M. Asaad, J. E. Bird, T. R. Schaeffer, N. C. Trippodo, Abstracts of papers, 210^(th) Am. Chem. Soc Meeting, Chicago, Ill., MEDI 064 (1995).

Templates (k): See D. BenIshai, A. R. McMurray, Tetrahedron 1993, 49, 6399.

Templates (l): See E. G. von Roedern, H. Kessler, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 687–689.

Templates (m): See R. Gonzalez-Muniz, M. J. Dominguez, M. T. Garcia-Lopez, Tetrahedron 1992, 48, 5191–5198.

Templates (n): See F. Esser, A. Carpy, H. Briem, H. Köppen, K.-H. Pook, Int. J. Pept. Res. 1995, 45, 540–546.

Templates (o): See N. De la Figuera, I. Alkorta, T. Garcia-Lopez, R. Herranz, R. Gonzalez-Muniz, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 7841.

Templates (p): See U. Slomcynska, D. K. Chalmers, F. Cornille, M. L. Smythe, D. D. Benson, K. D. Moeller, G. R. Marshall, J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 1198–1204.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention can be used in a wide range of applications in order to inhibit the growth of or to kill microorganisms and/or cancer cells.

They can be used for example as disinfectants or as preservatives for materials such as foodstuffs, cosmetics, medicaments and other nutrient-containing materials or for preventing surfaces from microbial colonization [J. M. Schierholz, C. Fleck, J. Beuth, G. Pulverer, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 2000, 46, 45–50]. The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention can also be used to treat or prevent diseases related to microbial infection in plants and animals.

For use as disinfectants or preservatives the β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be added to the desired material singly, as mixtures of several β-hairpin peptidomimetics or in combination with other antimicrobial agents. The β-hairpin peptidomimetics may be administered per se or may be applied as an appropriate formulation together with carriers, diluents or excipients well known in the art, expediently in a form suitable for oral, topical, transdermal, injection, buccal, transmucosal, pulmonary or inhalation administration, such as tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions, liquids, gels, plasters, creams, ointments, syrups, slurries, suspensions, sprays, nebulisers or suppositories.

When used to treat or prevent infections or diseases related to such infections or cancer, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be administered singly, as mixtures of several β-hairpin peptidomimetics, in combination with other antimicrobial, antibiotic or anicancer agents or in combination with other pharmaceutically active agents. The β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be administered per se or as pharmaceutical compositions.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be manufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, coated tablet-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxilliaries which facilitate processing of the active β-hairpin peptidomimetics into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation depends upon the method of administration chosen.

For topical administration the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be formulated as solutions, gels, ointments, creams, suspensions, etc. as are well-known in the art.

Systemic formulations include those designed for administration by injection, e.g. subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecal or intraperitoneal injection, as well as those designed for transdermal, transmucosal, oral or pulmonary administration.

For injections, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be formulated in adequate solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hink's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. The solution may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be in powder form for combination with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation as known in the art.

For oral administration, the compounds can be readily formulated by combining the active β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions etc., for oral ingestion of a patient to be treated. For oral formulations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, suitable excipients include fillers such as sugars, such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); granulating agents; and binding agents. If desired, desintegrating agents may be added, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidones, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate. If desired, solid dosage forms may be sugar-coated or enteric-coated using standard techniques.

For oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers, excipients or diluents include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, etc. In addition, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like may be added.

For buccal administration, the composition may take the form of tablets, lozenges, etc. formulated as usual.

For administration by inhalation, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention are conveniently delivered in form of an aeorosol spray from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluromethane, carbon dioxide or another suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dose unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The compounds may also be formulated in rectal or vaginal compositions such as suppositories together with appropriate suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulation described previously, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may also be formulated as depot preparations. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (e.g. subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. For the manufacture of such depot preparations the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g. as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble salts.

In addition, other pharmaceutical delivery systems may be employed such as liposomes and emulsions well known in the art. Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide also may be employed. Additionally, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semipermeable matrices of solid polymers containing the therapeutic agent. Various sustained-release materials have been established and are well known by those skilled in the art. Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days. Depending on the chemical nature and the biological stability of the therapeutic agent, additional strategies for protein stabilization may be employed.

As the β-hairpin pepdidomimetics of the invention may contain charged residues, they may be included in any of the above-described formulations as free bases or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous and other protic solvents than are the corresponding free base forms.

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention, or compositions thereof, will generally be used in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. It is to be understood that the amount used will depend on a particular application.

For example, for use as a desinfectant or preservative, an antimicrobially effective amount of a β-hairpin peptidomimetic of the invention, or a composition thereof, is applied or added to the material to be desinfected or preserved. By antimicrobially effective amount is meant an amount of a β-hairpin peptidomimetic of the invention or composition that inhibits the growth of, or is lethal to, a target microbe population. While the antimicrobially effective amount will depend on a particular application, for use as desinfectants or preservatives the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention, or compositions thereof, are usually added or applied to the material to be desinfected or preserved in relatively low amounts. Typically, the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention comprise less than about 5% by weight of a desinfectant solution or material to be preserved, preferably less than 1% by weight and more preferably less than 0.1% by weight. An ordinary skilled expert will be able to determine antimicrobially effective amounts of particular β-hairpin pepdidomimetics of the invention for particular applications without undue experimentation using, for example, the in vitro assays provided in the examples.

For use to treat or prevent microbial infections or diseases related thereto and cancer, the β-hairpin pepidomimetics of the invention, or compositions thereof, are administered or applied in a therapeutically effective amount. By therapeutically effective amount is meant an amount effective in ameliorating the symptoms of, or ameliorate, treat or prevent microbial infections or diseases related thereto. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capacities of those skilled in the art, especially in view of the detailed disclosure provided herein.

As in the case of desinfectants and preservatives, for topical administration to treat or prevent bacterial, yeast, fungal or other infections a therapeutically effective dose can be determined using, for example, the in vitro assays provided in the examples. The treatment may be applied while the infection is visible, or even when it is not visible. An ordinary skilled expert will be able to determine therapeutically effective amounts to treat topical infections without undue experimentation.

For systemic administration, a therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from in vitro assays. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating β-hairpin peptidomimetic concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ as determined in the cell culture (i.e. the concentration of a test compound that is lethal to 50% of a cell culture), the MIC, as determined in cell culture (i.e. the concentration of a test compound that is lethal to 100% of a cell culture). Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.

Initial dosages can also be determined from in vivo data, e.g. animal models, using techniques that are well known in the art. One having ordinary skills in the art could readily optimize administration to humans based on animal data.

Dosage amount for applications as antimicrobial agents may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention which are sufficient to maintain the therapeutic effect. Usual patient dosages for administration by injection range from about 0.1–5 mg/kg/day, preferably from about 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day. Therapeutically effective serum levels may be achieved by administering multiple doses each day.

In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention may not be related to plasma concentration. One having the skills in the art will be able to optimize therapeutically effective local dosages without undue experimentation.

The amount of β-hairpin peptidomimetics administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgement of the prescribing physician.

The antimicrobial therapy may be repeated intermittently while infections are detectable or even when they are not detectable. The therapy may be provided alone or in combination with other drugs, such as for example antibiotics or other antimicrobial agents.

Normally, a therapeutically effective dose of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics described herein will provide therapeutic benefit without causing substantial toxicity.

Hemolysis of red blood cells is often employed for assessment of toxicity of related compounds such as protegrin or tachyplesin. Values are given as %-lysis of red blood cells observed at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Typical values determined for cationic peptides such as protegrin and tachyplesin range between 30–40% with average MIC-values of 1–5 μg/ml over a wide range of pathogens. Normally, β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention will show hemolysis in a range of 0.5–10%, often in a range of 1–5%, at activity levels comparable to those mentioned above for protegrin and tachyplesin. Thus preferred compounds exhibit low MIC-values and low %-hemolysis of red blood cells observed at a concentration of 100 μg/ml.

Toxicity of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., by determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) or the LD₁₀₀ (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is the therapeutic index. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a dosage range that is not toxic for use in humans. The dosage of the β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the effective dose with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within the range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dose can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition (see, e.g. Fingl et at. 1975, In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ch. 1, p. 1).

The following Examples illustrate the invention in more detail but are not intended to limit its scope in any way. The following abbreviations are used in these Examples:

-   HBTU: 1-benzotriazol-1-yl-tetramethylurounium hexafluorophosphate     (Knorr et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1927–1930) -   HOBt: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole -   DIEA: diisopropylethylamine -   HOAT: 7-aza-1-hydroxybenzotriazole -   HATU: O-(7-aza-benzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronoium     hexafluorophosphate Carpino et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35,     2279–2281)

EXAMPLES

1. Peptide Synthesis

Coupling of the First Protected Amino Acid Residue

0.5 g of 2-chlorotritylchloride resin (Barlos et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3943–3946) (0.83 mMol/g, 0.415 mmol) was filled into a dried flask The resin was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 ml) and allowed to swell at room temperature under constant stirring. The resin was treated with 0.415 mMol (1 eq) of the first suitably protected amino acid residue (see below) and 284 μl (4 eq) of diisopropylethylamine (IDEA) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 ml), the mixture was shaken at 25° C. for 15 minutes, poured onto the pre-swollen resin and stirred at 25° C. for 18 hours. The resin colour changed to purple and the solution remained yellowish. The resin was washed extensively (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/DIEA: 17/2/1; CH₂Cl₂, DMF; CH₂Cl₂; Et₂O, 3 times each) and dried under vacuum for 6 hours.

Loading was typically 0.6–0.7 mMol/g.

The following preloaded resins were prepared: Fmoc-GlyO-chlorotritylresin; Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin; Fmoc-Lys(Boc)O-chlorotritylresin.

1.1. Procedure 1

The synthesis was carried out using a Syro-peptide synthesizer (Multisyntech) using 24 to 96 reaction vessels. In each vessel was placed 60 mg (weight of the resin before loading) of the above resin. The following reaction cycles were programmed and carried out:

Step Reagent Time 1 CH₂Cl₂, wash and swell (manual)  3 × 1 min. 2 DMF, wash and swell  1 × 5 min. 3 40% piperidine/DMF  1 × 5 min. 4 DMF, wash  5 × 2 min. 5 5 equiv. Fmoc amino acid/DMF + 1 × 120 min. 5 eq. HBTU + 5 eq. HOBt + 5 eq. DIEA 6 DMF, wash  4 × 2 min. 7 CH₂Cl₂, wash (at the end of the synthesis)  3 × 2 min.

Steps 3 to 6 are repeated to add each amino-acid.

Cleavage of the Fully Protected Peptide Fragment

After completion of the synthesis, the resin was suspended in 1 ml (0.39 mMol) of 1% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) for 3 minutes, filtered and the filtrate was neutralized with 1 ml (1.17 mMol, 3 eq.) of 20% DIEA in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v). This procedure was repeated twice to ensure completion of the cleavage. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and the product was fully deprotected to be analyzed by reverse phase-HPLC (column C₁₈) to monitor the efficiency of the linear peptide synthesis.

Cyclization of the Linear Peptide

100 mg of the fully protected linear peptide were dissolved in DMF (9 ml, conc. 10 mg/ml). Then 41.8 mg (0.110 mMol, 3 eq.) of HATU, 14.9 mg (0.110 mMol, 3 eq) of HOAt and 1 ml (0.584 mMol) of 10% DIEA in DMF (v/v) were added and the mixture vortexed at 20° C. for 16 hours and subsequently concentrated under high vacuum. The residue was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O/CH₃CN (90/10: v/v). The CH₂Cl₂ phase was evaporated to yield the fully protected cyclic peptide.

Deprotection and Purification of the Cyclic Peptide

The cyclic peptide obtained was dissolved in 1 ml of the cleavage mixture containing 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 2.5% water and 2.5% triisopropylsilane (TIS). The mixture was left to stand at 20° C. for 2.5 hours and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in a solution of H₂O/acetic acid (75/25: v/v) and the mixture extracted with di-isopropylether.

The water phase was dried under vacuum and then the product purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

After lyophilisation products were obtained as a white powder and analysed by ESI-MS. The analytical data comprising HPLC retension times and ESI-MS are shown in tables 1–7. Analytical HPLC retension times (RT, in minutes) were determined using a VYDAC 218TP104 (length 25 cm) column with gradient A: (10% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 90% H₂O+0.1% TFA to 98% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 2% H₂O+0.1% TFA in 20 minutes) and with gradient B: (10% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 90% H₂O+0.1% TFA to 98% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 2% H₂O+0.1% TFA in 21 minutes).

Examples ex.1–7 (n=8) are shown in table 1. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P4 which was coupled to the resin. Starting resins were Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin and Fmoc-Lys(Boc)O-chlorotritylresin, which were prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P5-P6-P7-P8-^(D)Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.831 (n=9) are shown in table 2. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P5 which was coupled to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.32–58 (n=10) are shown in table 3. The peptides were synthesized staring with the amino acid at position P5 which was coupled to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotr;tykesin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.59–70 (n=11) are shown in table 4. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P5 which was coupled to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.71–84 (n=14) are shown in table 5. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P7 which was coupled to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-^(D)Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.85–95 (n=16) are shown in table 6. The peptides were synthesized staring with the amino acid at position P8 which was coupled to the resin. Starting resins were Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin and Fmoc-Lys(Boc)O-chlorotritylresin, which were prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P13-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.96–246, ex.276 (n=12) are shown in table 7. The peptides (exept ex.177 and ex.181) were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P6 which was grafted to the resin. Starting resins were Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin and Fmoc-Lys(Boc)O-chlorotritylresin, which were prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.177 to ex.181 (n=12) are shown in table 7. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P7 which was coupled to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin, which were prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated HPLC-retension times (minutes) were determined using gradient A.

Examples ex.247–277 (n=12) are shown in table 7. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P6 which was grafted to the resin. Starting resins were Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylesin and Fmoc-Lys(Boc)O-chlorotritylresin, which were prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-BB-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated.

BB: Gly (ex.247); Arg(Pmc) (ex.248); Y (Bzl) (ex.249); Phe (ex250); Trp (ex.251); Leu (ex.252); Ile (ex.253); Cha (ex.254); 2-Nal (ex.255); 219a (ex.256); 219b (ex.257); 219c (ex.258); 219d (ex.259); 219e (ex.260); 219f (ex.261); 219g (ex.262); 219h (ex.263); 219i (ex.264); 219k (ex.265); 219l (ex.266); 219m (ex267); 219n (ex.268); 219o (ex.269); 219p (ex.270); 219q (ex.271); 219r (ex.272); 219s (ex.273); 219t (ex.274), 219u (ex.275).

Building blocks 219a–u are described below.

Example ex.277 (n=12) is shown in table 7. The peptide was synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P6 which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin, which were prepared as described above. The linear peptide was synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P7-P5-P9-P10-P11-P12-(c1-1)-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated.

Building block (c1-1) is described below.

Examples ex.278–300 (n=12) are shown in table 7. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid at position P6 which was grafted to the resin. Starting resins were Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)O-chlorotritylresin, Fmoc-Tyr(Bzl)O-chlorotrityl resin and Fmoc-)Tyr(Bzl)O-chlorotrityl resin which were prepared as described above. The linear peptide was synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, cleaved, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated. Analytical HPLC-retention times (RT, in minutes) were determined using a VYDAC 218TP104 (length 25 cm) column with gradient B (10% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 90% H₂O+0.1% TFA to 98% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 2% H₂O+0.1% TFA in 21 minutes).

Retention times (minutes) were the following: ex.278 (11.43); ex.279 (11.64); ex.280 (10.57); ex.281 (10.04); ex282 (10.63); ex.283 (10.00); ex.284 (9.21).

Retention times (minutes) for examples 285–300 were determined with gradient C: VYDAC C₁₈-column (length 15 cm); (8% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 92% H₂O+0.1% TFA to 62.8% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA and 37.2% H₂O+0.1% TFA in 8 minutes to 100% CH₃CN+0.1% TFA in 9 minutes).

ex.285 (5.37; 5.57)*; ex.286 (5.17); ex.287 (5.0); ex.288 (4.15;4.37)*; ex.289 (4.47; 4.72)*; ex.290 (3.45; 3.72)*; ex.291 (3.65; 3.82)*; ex.292 (4.27); ex.293 (4.10); ex.294 (3.83; 4.13)*; ex.296 (4.38; 4.67)*; ex.297 (4.10; 4.32)*; ex.298 (4.12); ex.299 (4.47); ex.300 (5.03). * double peaks which show both correct MS and chiral amino acid analysis. At 60° only one peak is observed.

TABLE 1 Examples ex. 1–7 (n = 8) Example SEQ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 Template RT(′) %^(a)) MS 1. SEQ ID NO: 1 Tyr Val Arg Arg Arg Phe Leu Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 18.6 76 1284.6 2. SEQ ID NO: 2 Tyr Val Arg Lys Gly Phe Leu Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 18.8 86 1157.4 3. SEQ ID NO: 3 Trp Val Arg Lys Gly Phe Leu Trp ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 22.0 70 1263.8 4. SEQ ID NO: 4 Tyr Val Arg Arg Arg Trp Leu Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 19.1 35 1323.6 5. SEQ ID NO: 5 Tyr Val Tyr Arg Arg Phe Leu Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 20.7 81 1287.6 6. SEQ ID NO: 6 Lys Val Tyr Arg Arg Phe Leu Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 16.7 75 1256.6 7. SEQ ID NO: 7 Lys Val Tyr Lys Gly Phe Leu Trp ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 19.5 64 1216.5 ^(a))%-purity of crude product. All compounds were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography as indicated. Purities > 90%.

TABLE 2 Examples ex. 8–29 (n = 9) Example SEQ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 Template RT(′) %^(a)) MS 8. SEQ ID NO: 8 Arg Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 35 1495.9 9. SEQ ID NO: 9 Arg Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.8 46 1527.9 10. SEQ ID NO: 10 Arg Phe Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.0 26 1529.9 11. SEQ ID NO: 11 Arg Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.0 90 1577.9 12. SEQ ID NO: 12 Leu Phe Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 52 1502.9 13. SEQ ID NO: 13 Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.4 30 1550.9 14. SEQ ID NO: 14 Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.1 51 1468.9 15. SEQ ID NO: 15 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.8 55 1500.9 16. SEQ ID NO: 16 Leu Phe Leu Phe Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.7 38 1459.9 17. SEQ ID NO: 17 Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.8 67 1507.9 18. SEQ ID NO: 18 Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg Arg Leu Phe Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 57 1459.9 19. SEQ ID NO: 19 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.7 66 1507.9 20. SEQ ID NO: 20 Phe Leu Leu Phe Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 67 1459.9 21. SEQ ID NO: 21 Tyr Leu Leu Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.9 57 1507.9 22. SEQ ID NO: 22 Arg Leu Leu Phe Arg Arg Leu Phe Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.1 68 1459.9 23. SEQ ID NO: 23 Arg Leu Leu Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Tyr ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.5 63 1507.9 24. SEQ ID NO: 24 Arg Phe Leu Arg Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.5 33 1502.9 25. SEQ ID NO: 25 Arg Phe Leu Arg Arg Phe Phe Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 30 1502.9 26. SEQ ID NO: 26 Arg Tyr Leu Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.6 65 1550.9 27. SEQ ID NO: 27 Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.1 29 1491.8 28. SEQ ID NO: 28 Leu Leu Phe Phe Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.1 35 1443.8 29. SEQ ID NO: 29 Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 33 1491.8 30. SEQ ID NO: 30 Arg Leu Phe Phe Arg Arg Leu Phe Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.1 35 1459.9 31. SEQ ID NO: 31 Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 33 1507.8 ^(a))%-purity of crude product. All compounds were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography as indicated. Purities obtained > 90%.

TABLE 3 Examples ex. 32–58 (n = 10) Example Sequ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 Template RT(′) %^(a)) MS 32. SEQ ID NO: 32 Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 37 1643.0 33. SEQ ID NO: 33 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.3 41 1691.0 34. SEQ ID NO: 34 Arg Phe Phe Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.1 45 1643.0 35. SEQ ID NO: 35 Arg Tyr Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.87 70 1691.0 36. SEQ ID NO: 36 Arg Leu Phe Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 56 1643.0 37. SEQ ID NO: 37 Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.6 35 1648.0 38. SEQ ID NO: 38 Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.1 50 1600.0 39. SEQ ID NO: 39 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Tyr Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.81 41 1648.0 40. SEQ ID NO: 40 Leu Leu Phe Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.8 58 1600.0 41. SEQ ID NO: 41 Arg Leu Phe Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.6 54 1600.0 42. SEQ ID NO: 42 Leu Tyr Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 51 1648.0 43. SEQ ID NO: 43 Arg Phe Phe Phe Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.3 49 1600.0 44. SEQ ID NO: 44 Arg Tyr Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Arg Leu Leu Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 63 1648.0 45. SEQ ID NO: 45 Arg Leu Leu Phe Arg Gly Arg Phe Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 78 1543.9 46. SEQ ID NO: 46 Arg Leu Leu Tyr Arg Gly Arg Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.1 45 1591.9 47. SEQ ID NO: 47 Arg Phe Phe Phe Arg Gly Arg Leu Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 43 1543.9 48. SEQ ID NO: 48 Arg Tyr Tyr Tyr Arg Gly Arg Leu Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.8 48 1591.9 49. SEQ ID NO: 49 Leu Phe Leu Phe Arg Gly Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.4 65 1500.9 50. SEQ ID NO: 50 Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Gly Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 58 1548.9 51. SEQ ID NO: 51 Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg Gly Arg Leu Phe Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.3 42 1500.9 52. SEQ ID NO: 52 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Gly Arg Leu Tyr Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 20 1548.9 53. SEQ ID NO: 53 Leu Arg Phe Phe Arg Leu Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.9 51 1600.0 54. SEQ ID NO: 54 Leu Arg Tyr Tyr Arg Leu Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 50 1648.0 55. SEQ ID NO: 55 Leu Leu Phe Phe Arg Gly Arg Leu Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.5 50 1500.9 56. SEQ ID NO: 56 Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Gly Arg Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.1 38 1548.9 57. SEQ ID NO: 57 Arg Phe Leu Phe Arg Gly Arg Phe Arg Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.3 57 1543.9 58. SEQ ID NO: 58 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Gly Arg Tyr Arg Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 56 1591.9 ^(a))%-purity of crude product. All compounds were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography as indicated. Purities obtained > 90%.

TABLE 4 Examples ex. 59–70 (n = 11) Ex- am- ple SEQ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 Template RT(′) % MS 59. SEQ ID NO: 59 Arg Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe Phe Arg Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.1 75 1756.2 60. SEQ ID NO: 60 Arg Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Tyr Tyr Arg Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.5 28 1804.2 61. SEQ ID NO: 61 Leu Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe Phe Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 65 1756.2 62. SEQ ID NO: 62 Arg Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.3 57 1756.2 63. SEQ ID NO: 63 Phe Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Leu Phe Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.1 76 1756.2 64. SEQ ID NO: 64 Tyr Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Leu Tyr Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.5 70 1804.2 65. SEQ ID NO: 65 Arg Arg Phe Leu Arg Gly Arg Phe Phe Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.8 36 1700.1 66. SEQ ID NO: 66 Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 47 1811.2 67. SEQ ID NO: 67 Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 47 1811.2 68. SEQ ID NO: 68 Arg Arg Phe Phe Arg Arg Leu Phe Phe Leu Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.4 46 1747.2 69. SEQ ID NO: 69 Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 51 1811.2 70. SEQ ID NO: 70 Arg Leu Phe Phe Arg Gly Arg Phe Phe Arg Leu ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 26 1691.1 ^(a))%-purity of crude product. All compounds were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography as indicated. Purities > 90%.

TABLE 5 Examples ex. 71–84 (n = 14) Example SEQ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 71. SEQ ID NO: 71 Arg Tyr Leu Leu Tyr Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu 72. SEQ ID NO: 72 Arg Leu Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu 73. SEQ ID NO: 73 Arg Leu Leu Leu Tyr Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu 74. SEQ ID NO: 74 Arg Phe Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe Phe 75. SEQ ID NO: 75 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Tyr Tyr 76. SEQ ID NO: 76 Arg Phe Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe Leu 77. SEQ ID NO: 77 Arg Tyr Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu 78. SEQ ID NO: 78 Arg Arg Leu Leu Phe Arg Arg Arg Phe Leu 79. SEQ ID NO: 79 Arg Arg Leu Leu Tyr Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu 80. SEQ ID NO: 80 Arg Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu 81. SEQ ID NO: 81 Arg Arg Leu Leu Tyr Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu 82. SEQ ID NO: 82 Arg Arg Leu Phe Leu Arg Arg Arg Phe Phe 83. SEQ ID NO: 83 Arg Arg Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Tyr Tyr 84. SEQ ID NO: 84 Arg Arg Leu Tyr Leu Arg Arg Arg Tyr Leu Example SEQ. ID P11 P12 P13 P14 Template RT(′) % MS 71. SEQ ID NO: 71 Leu Tyr Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.4 48 2236.7 72. SEQ ID NO: 72 Leu Tyr Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.4 29 2236.7 73. SEQ ID NO: 73 Tyr Tyr Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.4 50 2236.7 74. SEQ ID NO: 74 Leu Phe Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 78 2206.7 75. SEQ ID NO: 75 Leu Tyr Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.1 51 2286.7 76. SEQ ID NO: 76 Phe Leu Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 79 2172.7 77. SEQ ID NO: 77 Tyr Leu Arg Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.1 53 2236.7 78. SEQ ID NO: 78 Leu Phe Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.0 42 2172.7 79. SEQ ID NO: 79 Leu Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.4 91 2236.7 80. SEQ ID NO: 80 Leu Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.3 72 2286.7 81. SEQ ID NO: 81 Tyr Tyr Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.5 65 2236.7 82. SEQ ID NO: 82 Leu Phe Phe Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.1 34 2206.7 83. SEQ ID NO: 83 Leu Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.3 89 2286.7 84. SEQ ID NO: 84 Tyr Leu Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.3 47 2236.7 ^(a))%-purity of crude product. All compounds were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography. Purities > 90%.

TABLE 6 Examples ex. 85–95 (n = 16) Example Sequ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 85. SEQ ID NO: 85 Lys Arg Leu Lys Tyr Val Arg Arg Arg Trp Leu 86. SEQ ID NO: 86 Lys Arg Leu Lys Tyr Val Arg Arg Gly Trp Leu 87. SEQ ID NO: 87 Lys Arg Leu Lys Tyr Trp Arg Arg Arg Trp Tyr 88. SEQ ID NO: 88 Lys Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Trp Arg Arg Arg Trp Tyr 89. SEQ ID NO: 89 Lys Arg Leu Lys Tyr Trp Arg Arg Gly Trp Tyr 90. SEQ ID NO: 90 Lys Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Trp Arg Arg Gly Trp Tyr 91. SEQ ID NO: 91 Lys Arg Leu Tyr Tyr Trp Arg Arg Arg Trp Lys 92. SEQ ID NO: 92 Lys Arg Leu Lys Tyr Trp Arg Arg Gly Trp Lys 93. SEQ ID NO: 93 Tyr Lys Leu Arg Leu Lys Tyr Arg Arg Trp Lys 94. SEQ ID NO: 94 Tyr Lys Leu Gln Leu Lys Trp Arg Arg Phe Lys 95. SEQ ID NO: 95 Tyr Lys Leu Gln Leu Gln Lys Lys Gly Trp Gln Example Sequ. ID P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 Template RT(′) % MS 85. SEQ ID NO: 85 Val Lys Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.7 70 2346.0 86. SEQ ID NO: 86 Val Lys Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.9 38 2246.8 87. SEQ ID NO: 87 Val Lys Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.6 34 2483.1 88. SEQ ID NO: 88 Val Phe Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 14.3 35 2537.1 89. SEQ ID NO: 89 Val Lys Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.7 27 2383.9 90. SEQ ID NO: 90 Val Phe Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 14.6 39 2437.9 91. SEQ ID NO: 91 Val Phe Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.9 22 2402.1 92. SEQ ID NO: 92 Val Lys Val Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.4 26 2348.9 93. SEQ ID NO: 93 Tyr Arg Val Lys Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.5 34 2402.1 94. SEQ ID NO: 94 Tyr Gln Val Lys Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.1 21 2348.9 95. SEQ ID NO: 95 Tyr Gln Val Lys Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.1 84 2383.9 ^(a))%-purity of crude product. All compounds were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography. Purities > 90%.

TABLE 7 Example Sequ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 Template RT(′) % MS Examples ex. 96–128 (n = 12); 96. SEQ ID NO: 96 Leu Arg Leu Val Tyr Lys Gly Phe Leu Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 21.6 92 1703.1 97. SEQ ID NO: 97 Leu Arg Phe Val Tyr Lys Gly Phe Leu Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 21.6 95 1737.1 98. SEQ ID NO: 98 Leu Arg Thr Val Tyr Lys Gly Phe Leu Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 20.0 93 1691.1 99. SEQ ID NO: 99 Leu Arg Lys Val Arg Lys Gly Arg Leu Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 15.7 99 1720.2 100. SEQ ID NO: 100 Leu Arg Lys Trp Tyr Lys Gly Phe Trp Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 17.6 60 1878.3 101. SEQ ID NO: 101 Leu Arg Lys Val Tyr Arg Gly Phe Leu Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 17.8 61 1845.3 102. SEQ ID NO: 102 Leu Lys Lys Val Tyr Arg Arg Phe Leu Lys Lys Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 15.9 59 1754.3 103. SEQ ID NO: 103 Leu Arg Leu Lys Tyr Arg Arg Phe Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 20.5 36 1874.3 104. SEQ ID NO: 104 Leu Arg Leu Glu Tyr Arg Arg Phe Glu Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 21.5 99 1876.2 105. SEQ ID NO: 105 Leu Arg Leu Gln Tyr Arg Arg Phe Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 21.5 58 1874.2 106. SEQ ID NO: 106 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 18.1 51 1879.7 107. SEQ ID NO: 107 Leu Arg Leu Lys Trp Arg Arg Lys Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 20.2 28 1879.7 108. SEQ ID NO: 108 Leu Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Arg Phe Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 20.9 40 1948.7 109. SEQ ID NO: 109 Lys Val Arg Phe Arg Arg Arg Lys Leu Lys Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 15.7 75 1833.7 110. SEQ ID NO: 110 Leu Arg Leu Gln Tyr Arg Arg Trp Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 21.9 30 1913.3 111. SEQ ID NO: 111 Leu Arg Leu Gln Trp Arg Arg Phe Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 22.6 75 1897.3 112. SEQ ID NO: 112 Leu Arg Leu Gln Lys Arg Arg Trp Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 18.9 49 1878.3 113. SEQ ID NO: 113 Leu Arg Leu Gln Trp Arg Arg Lys Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 21.2 75 1878.3 114. SEQ ID NO: 114 Phe Arg Leu Gln Tyr Arg Arg Phe Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 22.3 50 1908.3 115. SEQ ID NO: 115 Leu Arg Leu Gln Tyr Arg Arg Phe Gln Tyr Arg Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 22.4 99 1908.3 116. SEQ ID NO: 116 Phe Arg Leu Gln Tyr Arg Arg Phe Gln Tyr Arg Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 22.9 99 1956.3 117. SEQ ID NO: 117 Leu Arg Leu Gln Tyr Arg Arg Phe Gln Trp Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 22.7 15 1897.3 118. SEQ ID NO: 118 Leu Arg Trp Gln Tyr Arg Arg Phe Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 21.9 21 1947.3 119. SEQ ID NO: 119 Gln Val Arg Phe Arg Arg Arg Lys Leu Gln Leu Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 17.2 46 1831.3 120. SEQ ID NO: 120 Phe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 52 1912.4 121. SEQ ID NO: 121 Cha Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 36 1918.4 122. SEQ ID NO: 122 hPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.6 95 1926.4 123. SEQ ID NO: 123 2Nal Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.6 69 1962.4 124. SEQ ID NO: 124 1Nal Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.8 47 1962.4 125. SEQ ID NO: 125 Nle Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 63 1878.4 126. SEQ ID NO: 126 Leu Arg Phe Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 44 1912.4 127. SEQ ID NO: 127 Leu Arg Cha Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 41 1918.4 128. SEQ ID NO: 128 Leu Arg Y(bzl) Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.5 23 2018.5 Examples ex. 129–161 (n = 12) 129. SEQ ID NO: 129 Leu Arg Trp Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 41 1951.4 130. SEQ ID NO: 130 Leu Arg hPhe Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 32 1926.4 131. SEQ ID NO: 131 Leu Arg 2Nal Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.0 42 1962.4 132. SEQ ID NO: 132 Leu Arg 1Nal Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 43 1962.4 133. SEQ ID NO: 133 Leu Arg Val Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.0 47 1864.3 134. SEQ ID NO: 134 Leu Arg Ile Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 34 1878.4 135. SEQ ID NO: 135 Leu Arg Nle Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 90 1878.4 136. SEQ ID NO: 136 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Tyr Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 48 1855.3 137. SEQ ID NO: 137 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Y(Bzl) Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.0 33 1945.4 138. SEQ ID NO: 138 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg hPhe Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 52 1853.3 139. SEQ ID NO: 139 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg 2Nal Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 53 1889.4 140. SEQ ID NO: 140 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg 1Nal Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 34 1889.4 141. SEQ ID NO: 141 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Val Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.9 49 1889.4 142. SEQ ID NO: 142 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Ile Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.0 32 1791.3 143. SEQ ID NO: 143 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Leu Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.1 46 1805.3 144. SEQ ID NO: 144 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Nle Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.1 43 1805.3 145. SEQ ID NO: 145 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg His Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.8 56 1829.3 146. SEQ ID NO: 146 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Phe Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 45 1862.3 147. SEQ ID NO: 147 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Y(Bzl) Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.4 15 1968.5 148. SEQ ID NO: 148 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Trp Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 56 1901.4 149. SEQ ID NO: 149 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys hPhe Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.3 32 1876.4 150. SEQ ID NO: 150 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys 1Nal Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.6 24 1912.4 151. SEQ ID NO: 151 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Val Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 48 1814.3 152. SEQ ID NO: 152 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Ile Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 40 1828.3 153. SEQ ID NO: 153 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Leu Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.7 18 1828.3 154. SEQ ID NO: 154 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Nle Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.2 40 1828.3 155. SEQ ID NO: 155 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Phe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 35 1926.4 156. SEQ ID NO: 156 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Cha ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.2 60 1932.5 157. SEQ ID NO: 157 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Y(Bzl) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.7 37 2032.5 158. SEQ ID NO: 158 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Trp ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 69 1965.4 159. SEQ ID NO: 159 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg hPhe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 95 1940.4 160. SEQ ID NO: 160 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg 2Nal ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.2 30 1976.5 161. SEQ ID NO: 161 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg 1Nal ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.3 89 1976.5 Examples ex. 162–194 (n = 12) 162. SEQ ID NO: 162 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Ile ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 56 1892.4 163. SEQ ID NO: 163 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Nle ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 91 1892.4 164. SEQ ID NO: 164 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg His ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.6 88 1916.4 165. SEQ ID NO: 165 Leu Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 55 1908.4 166. SEQ ID NO: 166 Leu Leu Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 88 1835.3 167. SEQ ID NO: 167 Leu Thr Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 94 1823.3 168. SEQ ID NO: 168 Leu Gln Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 55 1850.3 169. SEQ ID NO: 169 Leu Arg Leu Leu Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 62 1863.3 170. SEQ ID NO: 170 Leu Arg Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 45 1906.4 171. SEQ ID NO: 171 Leu Arg Leu Thr Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 94 1851.3 172. SEQ ID NO: 172 Leu Arg Leu Gln Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 76 1878.3 173. SEQ ID NO: 173 Leu Arg Leu Lys Leu Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.9 43 1863.3 174. SEQ ID NO: 174 Leu Arg Leu Lys His Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 53 1887.3 175. SEQ ID NO: 175 Leu Arg Leu Lys Arg Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 37 1906.4 176. SEQ ID NO: 176 Leu Arg Leu Lys Thr Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.4 45 1851.3 177. SEQ ID NO: 177 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Leu Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 58 1835.3 178. SEQ ID NO: 178 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys His Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 46 1859.3 179. SEQ ID NO: 179 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Lys Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 53 1850.3 180. SEQ ID NO: 180 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Thr Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 82 1823.3 181. SEQ ID NO: 181 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Gln Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 36 1850.3 182. SEQ ID NO: 182 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Trp Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 70 1908.4 183. SEQ ID NO: 183 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg His Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 74 1859.3 184. SEQ ID NO: 184 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Lys Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 50 1850.3 185. SEQ ID NO: 185 Bip Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.4 39 1988.5 186. SEQ ID NO: 186 4ClPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.1 53 1946.8 187. SEQ ID NO: 187 AmPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.6 83 1927.4 188. SEQ ID NO: 188 S(Bzl) Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 66 1942.4 189. SEQ ID NO: 189 T(Bzl) Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 51 1956.4 190. SEQ ID NO: 190 Orn Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.4 84 1879.3 191. SEQ ID NO: 191 Leu Arg Bip Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.3 39 1988.5 192. SEQ ID NO: 192 Leu Arg 4ClPhe Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 50 1946.8 193. SEQ ID NO: 193 Leu Arg AmPhe Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.2 82 1927.4 194. SEQ ID NO: 194 Leu Arg S(Bzl) Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.7 80 1942.4 Examples ex. 195–227 (n = 12) 195. SEQ ID NO: 195 Leu Arg T(Bzl) Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.7 37 1956.4 196. SEQ ID NO: 196 Leu Arg Orn Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.2 48 1879.3 197. SEQ ID NO: 197 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.8 57 1915.4 198. SEQ ID NO: 198 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg 4ClPhe Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 49 1873.8 199. SEQ ID NO: 199 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg AmPhe Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.8 43 1854.3 200. SEQ ID NO: 200 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg S(Bzl) Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 48 1869.3 201. SEQ ID NO: 201 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg T(Bzl) Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 87 1883.4 202. SEQ ID NO: 202 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Orn Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.7 31 1806.3 203. SEQ ID NO: 203 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Bip Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.6 46 1938.5 204. SEQ ID NO: 204 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys 4ClPhe Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.21 48 1896.8 205. SEQ ID NO: 205 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys S(Bzl) Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.5 32 1892.4 206. SEQ ID NO: 206 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys T(Bzl) Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.5 36 1906.4 207. SEQ ID NO: 207 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Orn Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 9.4 49 1829.3 208. SEQ ID NO: 208 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Bip ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.7 37 2002.5 209. SEQ ID NO: 209 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg 4ClPhe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.0 32 1960.8 210. SEQ ID NO: 210 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg AmPhe ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.6 88 1941.4 211. SEQ ID NO: 211 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg T(Bzl) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 51 1970.5 212. SEQ ID NO: 212 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Orn ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 8.3 75 1893.4 213. SEQ ID NO: 213 Leu Orn Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 63 1836.3 214. SEQ ID NO: 214 Leu Arg Leu Orn Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 44 1864.3 215. SEQ ID NO: 215 Leu Arg Leu Lys Orn Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 44 1864.3 216. SEQ ID NO: 216 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Orn Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 44 1836.3 217. SEQ ID NO: 217 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Orn Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 40 1864.3 218. SEQ ID NO: 218 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Orn Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.2 92 1836.3 219. SEQ ID NO: 219 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Gln Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 92 1850.3 220. SEQ ID NO: 220 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Tyr Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 88 1913.4 221. SEQ ID NO: 221 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp His Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.4 49 1887.3 222. SEQ ID NO: 222 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Arg Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.3 53 1906.4 223. SEQ ID NO: 223 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Thr Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 84 1851.3 224. SEQ ID NO: 224 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Gln Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.5 52 1878.3 225. SEQ ID NO: 225 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.6 54 1885.3 226. SEQ ID NO: 226 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Trp Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 47 1908.4 227. SEQ ID NO: 227 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Bip Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.3 50 1975.5 Examples ex. 228–255 (n = 12) 228. SEQ ID NO: 228 Leu Arg Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 46 1943.4 229. SEQ ID NO: 229 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Arg Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.9 41 1943.4 230. SEQ ID NO: 230 Leu Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.0 73 1945.4 231. SEQ ID NO: 231 Leu Trp Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.0 71 1973.5 232. SEQ ID NO: 232 Leu Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Arg Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.0 71 1973.5 233. SEQ ID NO: 233 Leu Trp Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Bip Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.4 60 2033.6 234. SEQ ID NO: 234 Leu Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Arg Bip Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.4 85 2033.6 235. SEQ ID NO: 235 Leu Trp Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Bip Arg Bip Arg Bip ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.6 50 2185.7 236. SEQ ID NO: 236 4ClPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 10.7 39 1983.9 237. SEQ ID NO: 237 4ClPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Bip Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.0 36 2043.9 238. SEQ ID NO: 238 4ClPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Bip ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.9 52 2108.0 239. SEQ ID NO: 239 4ClPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Bip Arg Bip ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 12.6 68 2168.1 240. SEQ ID NO: 240 4ClPhe Arg Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.7 46 2011.9 241. SEQ ID NO: 241 4ClPhe Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Arg Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.7 41 2011.9 242. SEQ ID NO: 242 4ClPhe Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.8 48 2013.9 243. SEQ ID NO: 243 4ClPhe Trp Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.9 38 2041.9 244. SEQ ID NO: 244 4ClPhe Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Arg Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 11.9 74 2041.9 245. SEQ ID NO: 245 4ClPhe Trp Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Bip Lys Bip Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.2 66 2102.0 246. SEQ ID NO: 246 4ClPhe Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Bip Arg Bip Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 13.2 49 2102.0 247. SEQ ID NO: 247 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Gly 9.5 58 1838.3 248. SEQ ID NO: 248 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Arg 9.3 57 1937.4 249. SEQ ID NO: 249 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Tyr 9.9 29 1944.4 250. SEQ ID NO: 250 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Phe 10.7 34 1928.4 251. SEQ ID NO: 251 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Trp 10.7 25 1967.5 252. SEQ ID NO: 252 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Leu 10.5 21 1894.4 253. SEQ ID NO: 253 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Ile 10.4 42 1894.4 254. SEQ ID NO: 254 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-Cha 11.2 36 1934.5 255. SEQ ID NO: 255 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-2Nal 11.4 27 1978.5 Examples ex. 256–286 (n = 12) All products were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography. Purities > 90%. Example Sequ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 Template MS 256. SEQ ID NO: 256 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-1 1990.5 257. SEQ ID NO: 257 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-2 2018.3 258. SEQ ID NO: 258 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-3 2086.4 259. SEQ ID NO: 259 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-4 2086.4 260. SEQ ID NO: 260 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-5 1978.3 261. SEQ ID NO: 261 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-6 2023.3 262. SEQ ID NO: 262 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-7 1934.3 263. SEQ ID NO: 263 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-8 1948.2 264. SEQ ID NO: 264 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-9 1962.2 265. SEQ ID NO: 265 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-10 1976.3 266. SEQ ID NO: 266 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-11 1962.2 267. SEQ ID NO: 267 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-12 2002.3 268. SEQ ID NO: 268 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-13 2016.3 269. SEQ ID NO: 269 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-14 1976.3 270. SEQ ID NO: 270 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-15 1996.2 271. SEQ ID NO: 271 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-16 2011.4 272. SEQ ID NO: 272 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-17 2049.3 273. SEQ ID NO: 273 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-18 2063.4 274. SEQ ID NO: 274 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-19 2072.3 275. SEQ ID NO: 275 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro-A8′-20 2046.4 276. SEQ ID NO: 276 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Gly Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1779.2 277. SEQ ID NO: 277 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val (c1)-1 2023.2 278. SEQ ID NO: 278 Leu Tyr Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1892.3 279. SEQ ID NO: 279 Leu Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1915.4 280. SEQ ID NO: 280 Arg Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Trp Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1981.4 281. SEQ ID NO: 281 Arg Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1958.4 282. SEQ ID NO: 282 Leu Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1995.5 283. SEQ ID NO: 283 Leu Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1972.4 284. SEQ ID NO: 284 Arg Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2015.5 285. SEQ ID NO: 285 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys Y(Bzl) Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1975.5 286. SEQ ID NO: 286 Leu Arg Leu Lys Lys ^(D)Y(Bzl) Arg Trp Lys Tyr Arg Val ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1975.5 Examples ex. 287–300 (n = 12) All products were purified by preparative HPLC-chromatography. Purities > 90%. 287. SEQ ID NO: 287 Bip Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2082.6 288. SEQ ID NO: 288 Thr Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1960.4 289. SEQ ID NO: 289 Arg Bip Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2052.5 290. SEQ ID NO: 290 Arg Thr Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1930.4 291. SEQ ID NO: 291 Arg Trp Thr Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2003.4 292. SEQ ID NO: 292 Arg Trp Leu Arg Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2043.5 293. SEQ ID NO: 293 Arg Trp Leu Gln Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2015.4 294. SEQ ID NO: 294 Lys Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1987.5 295. SEQ ID NO: 295 Tyr Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2022.5 296. SEQ ID NO: 296 Trp Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2045.5 297. SEQ ID NO: 297 Val Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2082.4 298. SEQ ID NO: 298 Gln Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 1987.4 299. SEQ ID NO: 299 Cha Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2012.5 300. SEQ ID NO: 300 Y Trp Leu Lys Lys Arg Arg Trp Lys Tyr Tyr Arg ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 2112.6 (bzl) ^(a))%-purity of crude product. Purities of all compounds after prep. HPLC > 90%. 1.2. Procedure 2

Examples ex.256–275 were also synthesized using procedure 2.

The peptide synthesis was carried out by solid phase method using standard Fmoc chemistry on a peptide synthesizer-ABI 433A.

The first amino acid, Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH (1.29 g, 1.2 equiv.) was coupled to the 2-chlorotritylchloride resin (Barlos et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3943–3946) (2 g, 0.83 mmol/g) in presence of DIEA (1.12 mL, 4 equiv.) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL), with swirling for 3 hr at room temperature. The resin was then washed with 3×CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/DIEA(17:2:1), 3×CH₂Cl₂, 2×DMF, 2×CH₂Cl₂, 2×MeOH. Finally, the resin was dried under vacuum and the substitution level was measured by weight increase (˜0.6 mmol/g)

The resin with the synthesized linear peptide, Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-Trp(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Tyr(tBu)-Arg(Pbf)-Val-^(D)Pro-212-Leu-Arg(Pbf)-Leu-Lys(Boc)Lys(Boc)-Arg(Pbf)-resin, was preferably divided into equal parts and placed in different reaction vessels in order to carry out the acylation reaction in parallel format. The coupling and deprotection reactions in the following steps were monitored by Kaiser's test (Kaiser et al. Anal. Biochemistry 1970, 43, 595).

Removal of Alloc Protecting Group:

To the linear peptide resin (100 mg in each reaction vessel) was added Pd(PPh₃)₄ (15 mg, 0.5 equiv.) under argon followed by dry CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and phenylsilane (17 μL, 30 equiv.). The reaction mixture was left for 1 hour in the dark, filtered, and the resin was washed twice with CH₂Cl₂, DMF, and CH₂Cl₂.

Acylation of 4-amino-proline Group:

To the resin was added the corresponding acylating agent (usually a carboxyxlic acid (R^(64′)COOH, 3 equiv.), HBTU (22.3 mg, 4 equiv.), HOBt (8 mg, 4 equiv.) and DIEA (125 μL, 6 equiv.) in DMF (2 mL) for 1.5–2 hrs at room temperature. The resin was filtered, washed with 2×DMF, 3×CH₂Cl₂, 2×DMF.

Deprotection of N^(α)-Fmoc Group:

Deprotection of the Fmoc-group was achieved by treating the resin with 20% piperidine in DMF for 20 min. The resin was subsequently filtered and washed three times with DMF, and CH₁Cl₂, and twice with DMF, and CH₂Cl₂.

Cleavage of Peptide from the Resin:

The linear side-chain protected peptide was cleaved from the resin using AcOH:TFE:CH₂Cl₂ (2:2:6, v/v/v) for 2 hrs at room temperature. The resin was filtered off and washed twice with a mixture of AcOH:TFE:DCM and once with CH₂Cl₂. The filtrate was subsequently diluted with hexane (14 times by vol.) and concentrated. Evaporation was repeated twice with hexane to remove traces of AcOH. The residue was dried under vacuum. Yield of the linear protected peptide was generally about 40–50 mg.

Cyclization of the Linear Protected Peptide:

Cyclization was carried out in DMF at a concentration of 5 mg/mL using HATU (13.12 mg, 3 equiv.), HOAT (4.7 mg, 3 equiv.), DIEA (153 μL, 6 equiv.). The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 hrs at room temperature and the completion of reaction was monitored by HPLC. After the evaporation of DMF, CH₃CN/H₂O (90/10, v/v) was added to the residue and extracted with DCM. The organic layer was washed once with water and evaporated to dryness. Dried under vacuum.

Cleavage of Side Chain Protecting Groups:

The final deprotection of the side-chain protecting groups was carried out by treating the peptide with TFA:triisopropylsilane:H₂O (95:2.5:2.5, v/v/v) at room temperature for 3 hrs. TFA was then evaporated and the residue triturated with cold ether.

Purification:

The crude peptides thus obtained were analyzed and purified by HPLC on a VYDAC C18 preparative column using 5–60% CH₃CN/H₂O+0.1% TFA in 30 min as gradient and a flow rate of 10 ml/min. The purity of the final peptide was checked by analytical HPLC and by ESI-MS. Analytical data are shown in table 7.

1.3. Procedure 3

Procedure 3 describes the synthesis of peptides having disulfide β-strand linkages.

a) n=8::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P4, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P5-P6-P7-P8-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-resin, where at positions P2 and P7 Fmoc-Cys(Acm)OH or Fmoc-hCys(Acm)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized as described in procedure 1. The cyclized side chain protected β-hairpin mimetics are dissolved in methanol (0.5 ml) to which is added dropwise a solution of iodine in methanol (1N, 1.5 equiv.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at room temperature and the solvent evaporated. The crude product is subsequently deprotected and purified as described in procedure 1.

b) n=9::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P5, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, where at positions P2 and P8 Fmoc-Cys(Acm)OH or Fmoc-hCys(Acm)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized as described in procedure 1. The cyclized side chain protected β-hairpin mimetics are dissolved in methanol (0.5 ml) to which is added dropwise a solution of iodine in methanol (1N, 1.5 equiv.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at room temperature and the solvent evaporated. The crude product is subsequently deprotected and purified as described in procedure 1.

c) n=10::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P5, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, where at positions P3 and P8 Fmoc-Cys(Acm)OH or Fmoc-hCys(Acm)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized as described in procedure 1. The cyclized side chain protected β-hairpin mimetics are dissolved in methanol (0.5 ml) to which is added dropwise a solution of iodine in methanol (1N, 1.5 equiv.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at room temperature and the solvent evaporated. The crude product is subsequently deprotected and purified as described in procedure 1.

d) n=11::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P5, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, or P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4, or P5-P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, where at positions P2, P4, P8 and P10 Fmoc-Cys(Acm)OH or Fmoc-hCys(Acm)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized as described in procedure 1. The cyclized side chain protected β-hairpin mimetics are dissolved in methanol (0.5 ml) to which is added dropwise a solution of iodine in methanol (1N, 1.5 equiv.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at room temperature and the solvent evaporated. The crude product is subsequently deprotected and purified as described in procedure 1.

e) n=12::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P6, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence; P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, or P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, or P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, where at positions P2, P4, P9 and P11 Fmoc-Cys(Acm)OH or Fmoc-hCys(Acm)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized as described in procedure 1. The cyclized side chain protected β-hairpin mimetics are dissolved in methanol (0.5 ml) to which is added dropwise a solution of iodine in methanol (1N, 1.5 equiv.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at room temperature and the solvent evaporated. The crude product is subsequently deprotected and purified as described in procedure 1.

Following procedure 3 NH₂Arg(Pbf)-Lys(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Cys(Acm)-Arg(Pbf)-Leu-Pro-^(D)Pro-Val-Arg-Cys(Acm)-Lys(Boc)-Trp(Boc)-Arg(Pbf)-[SEQ ID NO:301], coupled to the resin, was synthesized on the resin, the linear side-chain protected peptide cleaved and cyclized, followed by disulfide formation, deprotection and preparative HPLC chromatography yielding the above product [SEQ ID NO:302] as a white amorphous powder. ESI-MS: 1806.2 ([M+H]+).

-   f) n=14::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1     starting with the amino acid at position P7, coupled to the resin.     The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to     procedure 1 in the following sequence:     P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or     P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or     P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P14-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, where     at positions P3, P5, P10 and P12 Fmoc-Cys(Acm)OH or Fmoc-hCys(Acm)OH     are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized as     described in procedure 1. The cyclized side chain protected     β-hairpin mimetics are dissolved in methanol (0.5 ml) to which is     added dropwise a solution of iodine in methanol (1N, 1.5 equiv.) at     room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at     room temperature and the solvent evaporated. The crude product is     subsequently deprotected and purified as described in procedure 1.

g) n=16::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P8, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, or P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, or P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, or P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, or P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P51-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, or P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, or P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-P8-resin, where at positions P2, P4, P6, P11, P13 and P15 Fmoc-Cys(Acm)OH or Fmoc-hCys(Acm)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized as described in procedure 1. The cyclized side chain protected β-hairpin mimetics are dissolved in methanol (0.5 ml) to which is added dropwise a solution of iodine in methanol (1N, 1.5 equiv.) at room temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for 4 hours at room temperature and the solvent evaporated. The crude product is subsequently deprotected and purified as described in procedure 1.

1.4. Procedure 4

Procedure 4 describes the synthesis of peptides having amide β-strand linkages.

a) n=8::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P4, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P5-P6-P7-P8-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-resin, where at position P2 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH, and at position P7 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH are incorporated. Alternatively, at position P2 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH, and at position P7 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized, and the alkyl groups are removed as described in procedure 2. The amide linkage is subsequently performed as described for the cyclization according to procedures 1 and 2, the side chain protective groups are removed and the products are purified as described in procedures 1 and 2.

b) n—9::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P5, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, where at position P2 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH, and at position P8 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH are incorporated. Alternatively, at position P2 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH, and at position P8 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized, and the alkyl groups are removed as described in procedure 2. The amide linkage is subsequently performed as described for the cyclization according to procedures 1 and 2, the side chain protective groups are removed and the products are purified as described in procedures 1 and 2.

c) n=10::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P5, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P5-P9-P10-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, where at position P3 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH, and at position P8 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH are incorporated. Alternatively, at position P3 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH, and at position P8 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized, and the alkyl groups are removed as described in procedure 2. The amide linkage is subsequently performed as described for the cyclization according to procedures 1 and 2, the side chain protective groups are removed and the products are purified as described in procedures 1 and 2.

d) n=11::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P5, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, or P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin, or P6-P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-resin; where at positions P2 and/or P4 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH, and at positions P8 and/or P10 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH are incorporated. Alternatively, at positions P2 and/or P4 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH, and at positions P8 and/or P10 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized, and the alkyl groups are removed as described in procedure 2. The amide linkage is subsequently performed as described for the cyclization according to procedures 1 and 2, the side chain protective groups are removed and the products are purified as described in procedures 1 and 2.

e) n=12::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P6, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, or P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin, or P7-P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-resin; where at positions P2 and/or P4 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH, and at positions P9 and/or P11 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH are incorporated. Alternatively, at positions P2 and/or P4 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH, and at positions P9 and/or P11 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized, and the alkyl groups are removed as described in procedure 2. The amide linkage is subsequently performed as described for the cyclization according to procedures 1 and 2, the side chain protective groups are removed and the products are purified as described in procedures 1 and 2.

f) n=14::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P7, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P3-P14-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-R14-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin; where at positions P3 and/or P5 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH, and at positions P10 and/or P12 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH are incorporated. Alternatively, at positions P3 and/or P5 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH, and at positions P10 and/or P12 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized, and the alkyl groups are removed as described in procedure 2. The amide linkage was subsequently performed as described for the cyclization according to procedures 1 and 2, the side chain protective groups are removed and the products are purified as described in procedures 1 and 2.

g) n=16::The peptides are synthesized according to procedure 1 starting with the amino acid at position P7, coupled to the resin. The linear peptides are synthesized on solid support according to procedure 1 in the following sequence: P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P9-P9-P10-P11-P12-P4-P5-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin, or P8-P9-P10-P11-P12-P13-P14-P15-P16-^(D)Pro-Pro-P1-P2-P3-P4-P5-P6-P7-resin; where at positions P2 and/or P4 and/or P6 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH, and at positions P11 and/or P13 and/or P15 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH are incorporated. Alternatively, at positions P2 and/or P4 and/or P6 Fmoc-Orn(Alloc)OH or Fmoc-Lys(Alloc)OH, and at positions P11 and/or P13 and/or P15 Fmoc-Asp(OAllyl)OH or Fmoc-Glu(OAllyl)OH are incorporated. The linear peptides are cleaved and cyclized, and the alkyl groups are removed as described in procedure 2. The amide linkage is subsequently performed as described for the cyclization according to procedures 1 and 2, the side chain protective groups are removed and the products are purified as described in procedures 1 and 2.

Following procedure 2 NH₂Arg(Pbf)-Trp(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Tyr(tBu)-Arg(Pbf-^(D)Pro-212-Leu-Arg(Pbf)-Leu-Lys(Boc)-Lys(Boc)-Arg(Pbf)-[SEQ ID NO:303], coupled to the resin, was prepared, the linear peptide cleaved and cyclized. The Alloc-group was removed from building block 212 as described in procedure 2, half of the resulting amine reacted with excess glutaric anhydride in pyridine and DMAP and the solvents were removed. The resulting acid was coupled with the second half of the above mentioned amine in DMF and in the presence of TATU, HOAt and DIEA. The protective groups were removed as described in procedure 2 and the product purified by preparative HPLC chromatography as described in procedure 2 to yield the above product [SEQ ID NO:304] as a white amorphous powder. ESI-MS: 3882.3 ([M+H]⁺).

2. Synthesis of Templates

2.1. The synthesis of (2S,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl]-proline (212) and (2S,4R)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy-carbonyl]proline (217) are shown in Schemes 42 and 43.

(2S,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl]-proline (212)

i,ii: To a solution of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline (30 g, 0.18 mol) in abs. methanol (300 ml) at 0° C. thionyl chloride (38 ml, 2.5 eq, 0.45 mol) was added dropwise. The solution was heated to reflux and stirred for 3 h under nitrogen. Then the solution was concentrated by rotary evaporation and the ester precipitated by adding diethylether. After filtration the white solid was washed with diethylether, then dried at HV: (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline-methylester.hydrochloride as a white solid (29.9 g, 90%). %). TLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/water 70:28:2): R_(f) 0.82. [α]_(D) ²⁰=−24.5 (c=1.01, MeOH). IR (KBr): 3378s (br.), 2950m, 2863w, 1745s, 1700s, 1590 m, 1450s, 1415s, 1360s, 1215s, 1185s, 1080m, 700m. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) 4.66–4.55 (m, 2H, H—C(4), H—C(2)); 3.85 (s, 3H, H₃—CO); 3.45 (dd, J=12.2, 3.8, 1H, H—C(5)); 3.37–3.25 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.44–2.34 (m, 1H, H—C(3)), 2.27–2.12 (m, 1H, H—C(3)). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, MeOH-d₄): 170.8 (s, COOMe); 70.8 (d, C(4)); 59.6 (d, C(2)); 55.2 (t, C(5)); 54.2 (q, Me); 38.7 (t, C(3)). CI-MS (NH₃): 146.1 ([M-Cl]⁺).

30 g (0.17 mmol) of the above intermediate was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (300 ml), cooled to 0° C. and triethylamine (45 ml, 1.5 eq, 0.25 mol) was added dropwise. Then di-tert.-butyldicarbonate (54.0 g, 1.5 eq, 0.25 mmol) in CH₁Cl₂ (15 ml) and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (2.50 g, 0.1 eq, 17 mmol) was added and the solution stirred at room temperature overnight. Then the solution was washed with 1N aq. citric acid solution, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution, dried (Na₂SO₄), evaporated and the residue dried at high vaccum: (2S,4R)-4-Hydroxy-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]proline-methylester (209) as a white solid (39.6 g, 78%). TLC (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1): R_(f) 0.55. [α]_(D) ²⁴=−55.9 (c=0.983, CHCl₃). IR (KBr): 3615w, 3440w (br.), 2980m, 2950m, 2880m, 1750s, 1705s, 1680s, 1480 m, 1410s, 1370s, 1340m, 1200s, 1160s, 1130m, 1090m, 1055w, 960w, 915w, 895w, 855m, 715m. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 4.47–4.37 (m, 2H, H—C(4), H—C(2)); 3.73 (s, 3H, H₃C—O)); 3.62 (dd, J=11.8, 4.1, 1H, H—C(5)); 3.54–3.44 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.32–2.25 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.10–2.03 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 1.46+1.41 (2s, 9H, tBu). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): 173.6 (s, COOMe); 154.3+153.9 (2s, COOtBu); 80.3 (s, C-tBu); 70.0+69.3 (2d, C(4)); 57.9+57.4 (2d, C(2)); 54.6 (t, C(5)); 51.9 (q, Me); 39.0+38.4 (2t, C(3)); 28.1+27.6 (2q, tBu). CI-MS: 246.2 ([M+H]⁺); 190.1 ([M-tBu+H]⁺); 146.1 ([M-BOC+H]⁺).

iii,iv: 39 g (0.16 mol) of 209 was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (300 ml) followed by addition of 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (46 g, 1.3 eq, 0.21 mol) and Et₃N (33 ml, 1.5 eq, 0.24 mol) at 0° C. Then the solution was stirred overnight and brought gradually to room temperature, washed with 1N hydrochloric acid, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ solution and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvents were evaporated and the crude product was purified by filtration on silica gel with (2:1) hexane/AcOEt. The product was crystallized from hexane/AcOEt (2S,4S)-4-[(p-nitrobenzyl)sulfonyloxy]-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]proline methylester as white crystals (46.4 g, 65%). TLC (hexane/AcOEt 1:1): R_(f) 0.78. M.p.: 93–95° C. [α]_(D) ²⁰=−32.3° (c=0.907, CHCl₃). IR (KBr): 3110w, 3071w, 2971w, 1745s, 1696s, 1609s, 1532s, 1414s, 1365s, 1348m, 1289m, 1190m, 1173m, 1122w, 1097w, 1043w, 954w, 912w, 755w, 578w. ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.42–8.34 (m, 2H, H-C(Nos)); 8.11–8.04 (m, 2H, H—C(Nos)); 5.14 (s, 1H, H—C(4)); 4.39–4.28 (m, 1H, H—C(2)); 3.70–3.56 (m, 5H, H₂—C(5), H₃C—O); 2.58–2.38 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.25–2.11 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 1.37+1.33 (2s, 9H, tBu). ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): 172.4+172.2 (2s, COOMe); 153.6+153.0 (2s, COOtBu); 150.8+142.0 (2s, C(Nos)); 129.0+124.6 (2d, C(Nos)); 80.4 (s, C-tBu); 80.8+79.9 (2d, C(4)); 57.1+56.9 (2d, C(2)); 52.2+51.7 (2t, C(5)); 52.3 (q, Me); 37.1+35.9 (2t, C(3)); 28.0 (q, tBu). ESI-MS (MeOH+NaI): 453.0 ([M+Na]⁺).

38 g (88 mmol) of the above intermediate was dissolved in DMF (450 ml) then heated to 40° C. when sodium azide (34 g, 6 eq, 0.53 mol) was added and the solution stirred overnight. DMF was evaporated and the solid suspended in diethylether. The suspension was washed with water and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvent was evaporated and the product dried at high vacuum: (2S,4S)-4-Azido-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]proline methylester (210) yellow oil (21.1 g, 88%). [α]_(D) ²⁰=−36.9 (c=0.965, CHCl₃). ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): 4.46–4.25 (2m, 1H, H—C(2)); 4.20–4.10 (m, 1H, H—C(4)); 3.80–3.65 (m, 4H, H—C(5), H₃C—O); 3.53–3.41 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.54–2.39 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.21–2.12 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 1.47+1.41 (2s, 9H, tBu). ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): 172.2+171.9 (2s, COOMe); 153.9+153.4 (2s, COOtBu); 80.5 (s, C-tBu); 59.2+58.2 (2d, C(4)); 57.7+57.3 (2d, C(2)); 52.4+52.2 (2q, Me); 51.2+50.7 (2t, C(5)); 36.0+35.0 (2t, C(3)); 28.3+28.2 (2q, tBu). EI-MS (70ev): 270.1 ([M]⁺); 227.1 ([M-CO₂+H]⁺); 169.1 ([M-BOC+H]⁺);.

v,vi: 21.1 g (78 mmol) of the above intermediate was dissolved in a (3:1)-mixture of dioxane/water (500 ml) and SnCl₂ (59.2 g, 4 eq, 0.31 mol) was added at 0° and the solution stirred for 30 min. and gradually brought to room temperature and stirred for another 5 h. After adjusting the pH to 8 with solid NaHCO₃, alkyl chloroformate (41.5 ml, 5 eq, 0.39 mol) was added and the solution stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was evaporated and extracted with AcOEt. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), the solvent evaporated and the product was dried at high vacuum: (2S,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]proline methylester (211) as a clear thick oil (22.3 g, 87%). [α]_(D) ²⁰=−30.2° (c=1.25, CHCl₃). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 5.98–5.77 (m, 1H, H—C(β)(Alloc)); 5.32–5.12 (m, 2H, H₂—C(γ)(Alloc); 4.59–4.46 (m, 2H, H₂—C(α)(Alloc)); 4.40–4.16 (m, 2H, H—C(4), H—C(2)); 3.80–3.53 (m, 4H, H—C(5), H₃C—O); 3.53–3.31 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.54–2.17 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 1.98–1.84 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 1.41+1.37 (2s, 9H, tBu). ESI-MS (MeOH+CH₂Cl₂): 351.2 ([M+Na]⁺); 229.0 ([M-BOC+H]⁺).

vii-ix: 22 g, 67 mmol) of 211 was dissolved in a (4:1)-mixture of methanol/water (100 ml) and LiOH (5 g, 2 eq, 134 mmol) was added at room temperature and the solution stirred for 3.5 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and extracted with 1N hydrochloric acid (100 ml) and AcOEt. The solvent was removed and the resulting solid dissolved in 1:1 TFA/CH₂Cl₂ (200 ml) and stirred for 2 h. The solvents were evaporated and the product dried at high vacuum: (2S,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]proline as a clear oil (21 g, 96%) ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d₄): 5.98–5.85 (m, 1H, H—C(β)(Alloc)); 5.30 (dd, J=17.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H, H—C(γ)(Alloc)); 5.12 (d, J=10.7 Hz, 1H, H—C(γ)(Alloc)); 4.54 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 2H, H₂—C(α)(Alloc)); 4.44 (t, J=8.9 Hz, 1H, H—C(2)); 4.36–4.27 (m, 1H, H—C(4)); 3.58 (dd, 3=12.2, 7.3 Hz, 1H, H—C(5)); 3.34–3.32 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.73 (ddd, J=13.6, 8.7, 7.2 Hz, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.23–2.15 (m, 1H, H—C(3)). ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, MeOH-d₄): 171.3 (s, COOMe); 158.3 (s, COOAllyl); 134.1 (d, C(β)(Alloc)); 118.0 (t, C(γ)(Alloc)); 66.8 (t, C(α)(Alloc)); 59.7 (d, C(2)); 51.3 (d, C(4)); 51.1 (t, C(5)); 34.9 (t, C(3)). ESI-MS (DCM+MeOH): 237.0 ([M+Na]⁺); 215.0 ([M+H]⁺).

15 g (70 mmol) of the above intermediate and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylsuccinimid (28 g, 1.2 eq, 84 mmol) were dissolved in DCM (700 ml) and DIEA (48 ml, 6 eq, 0.42 mol) was added and the solution stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in AcOEt and washed with 1N hydrochloric acid and dried (Na₂SO₄). After evaporation, the crude product was purified by filtration on silica gel with a gradient of (3:1) hexane/AcOEt to AcOEt. The solvent was evaporated and the residue crystallized from hexane at −20° C. The product was dried at high vacuum: (2S,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl]-proline (212) as a white solid (23.8 mg, 78%) [α]_(D) ²⁰=−27.0 (c=1.1, CHCl₃). IR (KBr): 3321w (br.), 3066w, 2953w, 1707s, 1530m, 1451s, 1422s, 1354m, 1250m, 1205m, 1173m, 1118m, 1033m, 977m, 936m, 759m, 739s, 621m, 597w, 571w, 545s. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄): 7.88–7.78 (m, 2H, H—C(4′)(Fmoc)); 7.71–7.61 (m, 2H, H—C(1′)(Fmoc)); 7.49–7.29 (m, 4H, H—C(3′)(Fmoc), H—C(2′)(Fmoc)); 6.08–5.68 (m, 1H, H—C(β)(Alloc)); 5.41–5.17 (m, 2H, H₂—C(γ)(Alloc); 4.58 (s, 2H, H₂C(α)(Alloc)); 4.74–4.17 (m, 5H, H₂-(10′)(Fmoc), H—C(9′)(Fmoc), H—C(4), H—C(2)); 3.94–3.73 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 3.41–3.26 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.74–2.54 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.12–1.92 (m, 1H, H—C(3)). ESI-MS (DCM+MeOH): 459.3 ([M+Na]⁺); 437.3 ([M+H]⁺).

2.2. (2R,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl]-proline (217)

i: A solution of acetic anhydride (1.02 kg, 5.3 eq, 10 mol) in glacial acetic acid (3 l) was heated to 50° C. and (2S,4R)-4-hydroxyproline (208) (247 g, 1.88 mol) was added in one portion. The solution was refluxed for 5.5 h, cooled to room temperature and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure giving a thick oil. The oil was then dissolved in 2N hydrochloric acid (3.5 l) and heated to reflux for 4 h and treated with charcoal and filtered through Celite. As the solution was evaporated, white needles formed, which were filtered. The product was dried at high vacuum: (2R,4R)-4-hydroxyproline.hydrochloride (213) white cryst. needles (220.9 g, 70%). M.p.: 117° C. [α]_(D) ²⁰=+19.3° (c=1.04, water). IR (KBr): 3238s 3017s, 2569m, 1712s, 1584m, 1376s, 1332m, 1255s, 1204m, 1181w, 1091w, 1066w, 994w, 725m, 499s. ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, MeOH-d₄): 9.64 (s, 1H, H—N); 8.89 (s, 1H, H—N); 4.55–4.53 (m, 1H, H—C(4)); 4.51 (dd, J=10.4, 3.6 Hz, 1H, H—C(2)); 3.44–3.35 (m, 2H, H₂—C(5)); 2.54–2.48 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.40–2.34 (m, 1H, H—C(3)). ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, MeOH-d₄): 171.9 (s, COOH); 70.3 (d, C(4)); 59.6 (d, C(2)); 55.0 (t, C(5)); 38.5 (t, C(3)). EI-MS (NH₃): 132.1 ([M-Cl]⁺). The filtrate was further concentrated to give an additional 59.5 g (19%).

ii,iii: To a solution of 213 (30 g, 0.18 mol) in abs. methanol (550 ml) was added dropwise at 0° C. thionyl chloride (38 ml, 2.5 eq, 0.45 mol). The solution refluxed for 3 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was evaporated and the ester hydrochloride precipitated by adding diethylether. After filtration the white solid was washed with diethylether and dried at high vacuum: (2R,4R)-4-hydroxyproline methylester.hydrochloride white solid (29 g, 89%). [α]_(D) ²⁰=+8.6° (c=0.873, MeOH). IR (KBr): 3388s (br.), 2980s (r.), 1730s, 1634m, 1586s, 1384s, 1248s, 1095s, 1064s, 1030m, 877m. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, MeOH d): 4.59–4.44 (m, 2H, H—C(4), H—C(2)); 3.81 (s, 3H, H₃C-0); 3.37–3.31 (m, 2H, H₂—C(5)); 2.50–2.37 (m, 1H, H—C(3)), 2.37–2.27 (m, 1H, H—C(3)). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, MeOH-d₄): 170.9 (s, COOMe); 70.2 (d, C(4)); 59.8 (d, C(2)); 55.1 (t, C(5));)); 54.1 (q, C(Me)); 38.4 (1, C(3)). EI-MS (NH₃): 146.1 ([M-Cl]⁺).

10 g (55 mmol) of the above intermediate was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (100 ml), cooled to 0° C. and triethylamine (15.2 ml, 2 eq, 0.11 mol) was added dropwise. Then di-tert.-butyldicarbonate (18.0 g, 1.5 eq, 83 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (0.67 g, 0.1 eq, 5 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred at RT overnight. The solution was washed with 1M aq. citric acid solution and sat. aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, dried (Na₂SO₄), the solvents evaporated and dried at high vaccum: (2R,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[(tert-butoxy)-carbonyl]prolinemethylester (214) as a white solid (13 g, 97%). [α]_(D) ²⁰=+13.0° (c=1.06, CHCl₃). IR (KBr): 3466s (br.), 2985s, 2930m, 1729s, 1679s, 1424s, 1283m, 1262m, 1122s, 1089s, 969m, 770m. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 4.43–4.26 (m, 2H, H—C(4), H—C(2)); 3.80+3.79 (2s, 3H, H₃C—O)); 3.76–3.47 (m, 2H, H₂—C(5)); 2.44–2.24 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.16–2.03 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 1.47+1.43 (2s, 9H, tBu). ESI-MS: 268.1 ([M+Na]⁺).

iv,v: 214 (12.2 g, 50 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (130 ml), cooled to 0° C. and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (14.3 g, 1.3 eq, 65 mmol) and Et₃N (10.3 ml, 1.5 eq, 75 mmol) were added The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and gradually brought to room temperature. The solution was washed with 1N hydrochloric acid and saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, dried (Na₂SO₄), the solvents were evaporated and the crude product was purified by filtration on silica gel with (2:1)-mixture of hexane/AcOEt: 18 g (84%). The product was then recrystallized from hexane/AcOEt: (2R,4R)-4-[(p-nitrobenzyl)sulfonyloxy]-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]proline-methylester as white crystals (13.7 g, 64%). TLC (hexane/AcOEt 1:1): R_(f) 0.76. M.p.: 113–115° C. [α]_(D) ²⁰=+21.6° (c=0.924, CHCl₃). IR (KBr): 3112s (br.), 2981s, 2955s, 2882m, 1755s, 1683s, 1532s, 1413s, 1375s, 1348s, 1192s, 928s, 911s, 759m, 745s, 610s. ¹H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.45–8.35 (m, 2H, H—C(Nos)); 8.15–8.06 (m, 2H, H—C(Nos)); 5.27–5.16 (m, 1H, H—C(4)); 4.53–4.32 (m, 1H, H—C(2)); 3.75–3.60 (m, 5H, H₂—C(5), H₃C—O); 2.59–2.35 (m, 2H, H₂C(3)); 1.42+1.39 (2s, 9H, tBu). ¹³C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl₃): 171.8+171.6 (s, COOMe); 153.8+153.4 (s, COOtBu); 151.0+142.6 (s, C(Nos)); 129.2+124.7 (d, C(Nos)); 81.0 (s, C-tBu); 80.8+79.7 (d, C(4)); 57.4+57.1 (d, C(2)); 52.6+52.5+52.3+51.8 (t, C(5), q, Me); 37.2+36.3 (t, C(3)); 28.5+28.3 (q, tBu). ESI-MS (DCM+MEOH+NaI): 453.2 ([M+Na]⁺).

13 g (30 mmol) of the above intermediate was dissolved in DMF (200 ml), heated to 40° C. and sodium azide (14.3 g, 6 eq, 180 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred over-night. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue suspended in diethylether. The suspension was filtered, the filtrate washed with water and the organic phase dried(Na₂SO₄). The solvent was evaporated and the product dried at high vacuum: (2R,4S)-4-azido-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]prolinemethylester (215) as a yellow oil (8.15 g, 99%). [α]_(D) ²⁰=+42.8° (c=1.05, CHCl₃). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 4.58–4.37 (n, 1H, H—C(2)); 4.34–4.23 (m, 1H, H—C(4)); 3.92–3.51 (m, 5H, H₂—C(5), H₃C—O); 2.52–2.33 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 2.33–2.20 (m, 1H, H—C(3)); 1.56+1.51 (2s, 9H, tBu). CI-MS (NH₃): 288.2 ([M+NH₄]⁺); 271.1 ([M+H]⁺).

vi,vii: 215 (8 g, 30 mmol) was dissolved in a (3:1)-mixture of dioxane/water (400 ml), cooled to 0° C. and SnCl₂ (22.4 g, 4 eq, 120 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture stirred for 30 min. at 0°, gradually warmed to room temperature and stirred for another 5 h. After adjusting the pH of the solution to 8 with solid NaHCO₃, alkyl chloroformate (15.7 ml, 5 eq, 150 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, evaporated and extracted with AcOEt and the organic phase washed with brine. After drying the organic phase (Na₂SO₄), the solvent was evaporated and the product dried at high vacuum: (2R,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]proline-methylester as a clear thick oil (216) (8.7 g, 89%). [α]_(D) ²⁰=+41.9° (c=0.928, CHCl₃). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz CDCl₃): 5.98–5.87 (m, 1H, H—C(β)(Alloc)); 5.34–5.02 (m, 2H, H₂—C(γ)(Alloc); 4.62–4.49 (m, 2H, H₂—C(α)(Alloc)); 4.4–14.23 (m, 2H, H—C(4), H—C(2)); 3.82–3.66 (m, 4H, H—C(5), H₃C—O); 3.43–3.20 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.33–2.07 (m, 2H, H₂—C(3)); 1.43+1.39 (2s, 9H, tBu). CI-MS (NH₃): 329.1 ([M+H]⁺).

vii-x: 216 (8.4 g, 25 mmol) was dissolved in (4:1)-mixture of methanol/water (100 ml) at room temperature, LiOH (2.2 g, 2 eq, 50 mmol) added and the solution stirred overnight. Methanol was evaporated and the residue poured onto 1N hydrochloric acid (100 ml) and extracted with AcOEt. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in (1:1)-mixture of TFA/CH₂Cl₂ (200 ml) and stirred for 2 h. The solvents were evaporated and the product dried at high vaccum: (2R,4R)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]proline as a clear oil (5.2 g, 96%) ¹H-NMR (300 MHz MeOH-d₄): 6.04–5.88 (m, 1H, H₂—C(β)(Alloc)); 5.38–5.19 (m, 2H, H₂—C(γ)(Alloc); 4.64–4.54 (m, 3H, H₂C(α)(Alloc), H—C(4)); 4.39–4.22 (m, 1H, H—C(2)); 3.71–3.60 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 3.45–3.32 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.51–2.41 (m, 2H, H₂C(3)). CI-MS (NH₃): 215.1 ([M+H]⁺).

200 mg (0.86 mmol) of the above intermediate and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylsuccinimide (440 mg, 1.5 eq, 1.3 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 ml) and DIEA (466 μl, 4 eq, 3.44 mmol) was added, and the solution stirred overnight at room temperature. The solvent was removed and the residue dissolved in AcOEt, washed with 1N hydrochloric acid dried (Na₂SO₄). After evaporation, the crude product was purified by filtration over silica gel with first a gradient of (3:1) hexane/AcOEt to AcOEt. The solvent was coevaporated with CH₂Cl₂ and the product dried at high vacuum: (2R,4S)-4-[(Allyloxy)carbonylamino]-1-[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl]-proline (217) white solid (90 mg, 33%) [α]_(D) ²⁰=+29.3° (c=1.08, CHCl₃). IR (KBr): 3314s (br.), 3066s (br.), 2952s (br.), 1708s (br.), 1536m, 1424s, 1353s, 1126m, 1030 m, 909m, 759m, 738s, 620m. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): 8.74 (s, 1H, H—N); 7.79–7.66 (m, 2H, H—C(4′)(fmoc)); 7.62–7.49 (m, 2H, H—C(1′)(fmoc)); 7.44–7.22 (m, 4H, H—C(3′)(fmoc), H—C(2′)(fmoc)); 6.03–5.74 (m, 1H, H—C(β)(Alloc)); 5.41–5.07 (m, 2H, H₂—C(γ)(Alloc); 4.74–4.17 (m, 7H, H₂—C(10′)(fmoc), H—C(9′)(fmoc), H—C(4), H—C(2), H₂—C(α)(Alloc)); 3.91–3.76 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 3.48–3.25 (m, 1H, H—C(5)); 2.45–2.08 (m, 2H, H₂—C(3)). ESI-MS (MeOH): 437.3 ([M+H]⁺); ESI-MS (MeOH+Na): 459.1 ([M+Na]⁺).

2.3. Starting from derivatives 210 and 215 the key precursors 219a–u and 221a–u can be prepared according to Scheme 44.

R⁶⁴: n-hexyl (219a, 221a); n-heptyl (219b, 221b); 4-(phenyl)benzyl (219c, 221c); diphenylmethyl (219d, 221d); 3-amino-propyl (219e, 221e); 5-amino-pentyl (219f, 221f); methyl (219 g, 221g); ethyl (219h, 221h); isopropyl (219I, 221i); isobutyl (219k, 221k); n-propyl (219l, 221l); cyclohexyl (219m, 221m); cyclohexylmethyl (219n, 221n); n-butyl (219o, 221o); phenyl (219p, 221p); benzyl (219q, 221q); (3-indolyl)methyl (219r, 221r); 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl (219s, 221s); (4phenyl)phenyl (219t, 221t); n-nonyl (219u, 221u).

i,ii: Typical Procedures:

To a solution of 78 mmol of azides 210 and 215 in a (3:1)-mixture of dioxane/water (500 ml) was added at 0° C. SnCl₂ (59.2 g, 4 eq, 0.31 mol) and the solution was stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was gradually warmed up to room temperature and stirred for another 5 hours. After adjusting the pH to 8 with solid NaHCO₃, the reaction mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, the organic fraction dried (MgSO₄), evaporated and the residue dried under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (300 ml), cooled to 4° with an ice bath, followed by addition of DIEA (20.0 ml, 117 mmol) and a solution of the appropriate acid chloride R^(64′)COCl (101.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 ml) at 4° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 4° and for 18 hours at room temperature and extracted with HCl aq. (0.5N, 200 ml) and CH₂Cl₂. The organic fraction was dried (MgSO₄), evaporated and the residue chromatographed on SiO₂ with gradients of ethylacetate/hexane yielding 218a–u and 220a–u, which were converted into the final products 219a–u and 221a–u as described for the conversion of 216 into 217. The overall yields were 50–60%.

Templates (b1):

Synthesis of (2S,6S,8aR)-8a-{[(tert.-butyl)oxycarbonyl]methyl}perhydro-5,8-dioxo-{[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl]amino}-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-6-acetic acid (222):

To a stirred solution of 250 mg (0.414 mmol) of alkyl {(2S,6S,8aR)-8a-[(tert.-butyl)oxycarbonyl]methyl}perhydro-5,8-dioxo-{[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxycarbonyl]amino}-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-6-acetate in a degassed mixture of dichloromethane/methanol (9:1, 3 ml) were added under argon 25 mg (0.0216 mmol) of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, 0.05 ml of acetic acid and 0.025 ml of N-methylmorpholine. The reaction mixture was stirred for 48 hours at room temperature and poured onto water and dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), evaporated and the residue chromatographed on SiO₂ with dichloromethane/methanol (9:1) to yield 180 mg (77%) of (25,6S,8aR)-8a-{[(tert.-butyl)oxycarbonyl]methyl}perhydro-5,8-dioxo-{[(9H-fluoren-9-yl)-methoxycarbonyl]amino}-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-6-acetic acid (222) as a white powder.

¹H-NMR(300 MHz, DMSO-d₆): 8.30 (s, 1H); 7.88 (d, J=7.2, 2H); 7.67 (d, J=7.4, 2H); 7.62 (br.s, 1H); 7.41 (t, J=7.2, 2H); 7.33 (t, J=7.4, 2H); 4.35–4.2 (m, 5H); 3.55 (br.d, J=6.3, 2H); 2.8–2.55 (m, 3H); 2.45–2.25 (m, 2H); 2.1–1.95 (m, 1H); 1.35 (s, 9H); MS(ESI): 586.1 (M+Na)⁺, 564.1 (M+H)⁺.

Experimental procedure described in W. Bannwarth, A. Knierzinger, K. Müller, D. Obrecht, A. Trzeciak EP 0 592 791 A2, 1993.

3. Biological Methods

3.1. Preparation of the Peptides

Lyophilized peptides were weighed on a Microbalance (Mettler MT5) and dissolved in sterile water containing 0.01% acetic acid Tachyplesin was purchased from Bachem Ltd. (Bubendorf Switzerland).

3.2. Antimicrobial Activity of the Peptides

The antimicrobial activities of the peptides were determined by the standard NCCLS broth microdilution method (see ref 1, below) examined in sterile 96-wells plates (Nunclon polystyrene microtiter plates) in a total volume of 100 μl. Innocula of the microorganisms were prepared with 0.5 Mcfarland standard and then diluted into Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth to give appr. 10⁶ colony forming units (CFU)/ml for bacteria or 5×10³ CFU/ml for Candida. Aliquots (50 μl) of the innocula were added to 50 μl of MH broth containing the peptide in serial twofold dilutions. The microorganisms used were Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomnonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (ATCC 27853), Stahylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213 and ATCC 25923) and Candida albicans. A selected number of peptides were screened for activity against a larger panel of gram-negative strains. These strains were; Escherichia coli ATCC 43827 and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas (P. aeruginosa V07 14482, P. aeruginosa 15288, P. aeruginosa V02 15328 and P. aeruginosa V09 16085) and Acinetobacter (Acinetobacter V04 19905/1, Acinetobacter V12 21143/1 and Acinetobacter V12 21193/1). Antimicrobial activities of the peptides were expressed as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in jig/min at which no visible growth was observed after 18–20 hours of incubation of the microtiter plates at 37° C.

3.3. Antimicrobial Activity of the Peptides in 1% Salt

Salt sensitivity of the peptides was tested by the microtiter serial dilution assay as described above. Only MH broth was replaced by MH broth containing 1% NaCl.

3.4. Antimicrobial Activity of the Peptides in Human Serum

Serum binding of the peptides was tested by microtiter serial dilution assay as described above. Only MH broth was replaced by MH broth containing 90% human serum (BioWhittaker).

3.5. Hemolysis

The peptides were tested for their hemolytic activity against human red blood cells (hRBC). Fresh hRBC were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) by centrifugation for 10 min at 2000×g. Peptides at a concentration of 100 μg/ml were incubated with 20% v/v hRBC for 1 hour at 37° C. The final erythrocyte concentration was appr. 0.9×10⁹/ml. A value of 0% resp. 100% cell lysis was determined by incubation of the hRBC in the presence of PBS alone and resp. 0.1% Triton X-100 in H₂O. The samples were centrifuged and the supernatant was 20 fold diluted in PBS buffer and the optical density (OD) of the sample at 540 nM was measured. The 100% lysis value (OD₅₄₀H₂O) gave an OD of approximately 1.6–2.0. Percent hemolysis was calculated as follows: (OD₅₄₀peptide/OD₅₄₀H₂O)×100%.

3.6. Cytotoxicity Assay

The cytotoxicity of the peptides to HELA cells (Acc57) and MCF-7 cells (Acc115) was determined using the MTT reduction assay (see ref 2 and 3, below). Briefly the method is as follows; HELA cells and MCF-7 cells were grown in RPMI1640 plus 5% fetal calf serum in microtiter plates for 48 hours at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. The total number of cells was finally 10⁶ cells per well. The supernatant of the cell cultures was discarded and fresh RPMI1640 medium containing 5% fetal calf serum and the peptides in serial dilutions of 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/ml were pipeted into the wells. Each peptide concentration was assayed in triplicate. Incubation of the cells was continued for 20–24 hours at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. Wells were then washed three times with fresh RPMI medium and finally 100 μl MTT reagent (0.5 mg/ml in RPMI1640) was added to each well. This was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and subsequently the wells were washed once with PBS. 100 μl isopropanol was added to each well and the absorbance at 595 nm of the solubilized product was measured (OD₅₉₅peptide). The 100 percent growth value (OD₅₉₅Medium) was determined from wells containing HELA or MCF-7 cells with RPMI1640 plus 5% fetal calf serum but no peptides. The zero percent growth value (OD₅₉₅Empty well) was extracted from wells that did not contain HELA or MCF-7 cells. The percentage MTT reduction for a certain peptide concentration was calculated as follows: (OD₅₉₅peptide-OD₅₉₅Empty well)/(OD₅₉₅Medium-OD₅₉₅Empty well)×100% and was plotted for each peptide concentration. The EC₅₀ of a peptide is defined as the concentration at which 50% inhibition of MTT reduction was observed and was calculated for each peptide.

REFERENCES

-   1. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. 1993.     Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria     that grow aerobically, 3rd ed. Approved standard M7-A3. National     Committee for Clinical laboratory standards, Villanova, Pa. -   2. Mossman T. J Immunol Meth 1983, 65, 55–63 -   3. Berridge M V, Tan A S. Archives of Biochemistry & Biophysics     1993, 303, 474–482     3.7. Results

TABLE 8 Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC in μg/ml) and percentage hemolyses at a concentration of 100 μg/ml of peptide Pseudomonas Staphylococcus Staphylococcus Escherichia putida aureus aureus coli ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC Candida Hemolyses Ex. 25922 27853 29213 25923 albicans hRBC 11 25 100 100 100 100 0.2 36 25 25 25 50 25 0.5 40 25 50 25 50 25 1.2 59 4.7 50 25 50 25 3.0 63 6.2 50 12.5 25 12.5 3.0 71 12.5 100 12.5 12.5 50 1.2 87 6.2 6.2 9.4 9.4 12.5 3.7 101 12.5 50 >50 >50 50 0.2 103 9.4 25 25 25 12.5 18.3 105 6.2 9.4 12.5 6.2 6.2 31.0 106 12.5 6.2 25 12.5 12.5 1.4 107 25 6.2 12.5 9.4 12.5 10.4 109 50 25 50 50 12.5 3.2 112 25 50 25 25 25 2.6 113 50 100 100 100 100 9.2 119 50 25 >100 100 50 3.5 120 18.8 9.4 18.8 9.4 12.5 1.1 121 25 25 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.1 126 25 25 25 50 25 2.6 128 6.2 12.5 6.2 6.2 12.5 13.9 133 6.2 6.2 12.5 25 12.5 1.1 134 12.5 6.2 12.5 25 12.5 1.2 137 25 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 3.1 139 25 6.2 12.5 9.4 6.2 3.5 140 12.5 6.2 12.5 12.5 6.2 2.7 141 25 12.5 25 25 12.5 2.0 142 25 12.5 50 25 12.5 2.3 146 12.5 12.5 25 12.5 6.2 30.1 147 50 25 25 25 12.5 1.9 148 25 12.5 12.5 9.4 6.2 3.9 150 25 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 29.3 151 50 50 100 50 25 4.9 152 25 25 50 25 12.5 29.1 154 12.5 12.5 25 12.5 12.5 31.5 155 6.2 12.5 6.2 12.5 6.2 10.1 156 50 12.5 12.5 6.2 12.5 35.2 158 12.5 6.2 12.5 12.5 12.5 10.5 159 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 21.7 161 25 12.5 6.2 6.2 12.5 3.7 163 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 24.6 165 6.2 12.5 25 18 12.5 0.2 168 12.5 12.5 25 25 12.5 1.1 172 6.2 25 25 25 12.5 1.0 173 12.5 25 6.2 12.5 12.5 27.4 175 12.5 6.2 12.5 12.5 12.5 2.4 177 25 12.5 25 25 12.5 4.1 182 12.5 6.2 6.2 25 12.5 6.2 185 12.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 12.5 17.6 186 6.2 3.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 11.5 187 12.5 100 50 100 25 0.3 197 12.5 3.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 3.4 203 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 33.0 205 6.2 6.2 12.5 6.2 6.2 27.0 206 6.2 6.2 12.5 12.5 6.2 8.5 207 50 50 25 50 25 0.1 208 12.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 12.5 18.4 209 12.5 6.2 12.5 12.5 18.8 6.4 210 12.5 6.2 25 25 25 1.9 214 12.5 6.2 12.5 12.5 12.5 1.0 216 12.5 6.2 12.5 25 12.5 1.4 217 18.8 6.2 12.5 25 12.5 1.7 218 25 6.2 25 25 25 2.2 219 12.5 12.5 50 50 25 2.6 220 12.5 18.8 25 25 12.5 2.3 222 12.5 6.2 12.5 12.5 6.2 2.2 223 6.2 12.5 12.5 25 12.5 2.7 224 6.2 12.5 18.8 25 12.5 3.7 225 6.2 12.5 12.5 25 12.5 4.4 228 12.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 12.5 6.3 229 12.5 6.2 3.1 6.2 6.2 4.8 230 6.2 6.2 6.2 9.4 12.5 1.7 232 6.2 12.5 9.4 6.2 9.4 1.5 233 9.4 12.5 9.4 6.2 12.5 37 234 6.2 12.5 6.2 3.1 12.5 33.9 242 6.2 12.5 6.2 12.5 12.5 19.4 244 3.1 12.5 6.2 6.2 12.5 22.7 250 6.2 6.2 12.5 12.5 12.5 0.7 251 6.2 9.4 6.2 12.5 12.5 4.1 254 12.5 6.2 6.2 12.5 12.5 11.7 256 3.1 3.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 2.7 257 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 25 19.6 258 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 12.5 23.6 259 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 12.5 18.0 267 12.5 6.2 6.2 12.5 12.5 3.4 277 25 18.8 3.1 6.2 6.2 12.7 278 12.5 25 50 50 50 5.3 279 12.5 12.5 50 50 50 4.9 280 12.5 12.5 50 100 25 1.8 281 12.5 4.7 100 100 50 1.1 282 12.5 12.5 25 50 25 1.6 283 12.5 4.7 100 100 50 1.0 284 6.2 1.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 0.7 287 25 50 12.5 25 25 28.5 288 25 1.5 100 100 100 1.1 289 50 3.1 25 25 25 1.7 292 25 6.2 50 100 25 1.3 293 25 12.5 100 100 100 1.3 294 25 3.1 100 100 50 1.5 295 25 6.5 50 100 50 2.0 296 12.5 6.2 25 50 25 1.9 297 25 3.1 100 100 50 0.9 298 25 3.1 100 200 50 1.0 299 50 6.2 25 100 50 2.5 300 25 12.5 12.5 25 50 6.5 301 25 50.0 50.0 25 50.0 0.5 302 6.2 3.1 3.1 6.2 6.2 3.4

TABLE 9 Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC in μg/ml) in Mueller-Hinton broth containing 1% NaCl Escherichia Pseudomonas Staphylococcus Staphylococcus coli putida aureus aureus ATCC ATCC ATCC ATCC Candida Ex. 25922 27853 29213 25923 albicans 106 100 50 100 100 100 197 12.5 6.2 18.8 12.5 12.5 230 25 50 50 50 18.8 250 12.5 50 100 50 50 229 50 18.8 25 25 12.5 256 6.2 6.2 25 25 25

Several compounds which showed a preference towards Gram-negative bacteria were tested against several pseudomonas strains as shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC in μg/ml) against pseudomonas strains MIC (□g/ml) ex. 197 ex. 284 ex. 283 ex. 288 ex. 289 ex. 292 ex. 296 ex. 297 ex. 298 Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 12.5 6.2 25 25 25 25 12.5 25 25 Escherichia coli ATCC 43827 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 25 25 12.5 12.5 12.5 P. aeruginosa ATCC 278853 3.1 1.6 3.1 3.1 6.2 6.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 P. aeruginosa VO7 14482 12.5 3.1 4.7 3.1 6.2 12.5 12.5 4.7 3.1 P. aeruginosa 15288 12.5 3.1 2.5 6.2 6.2 12.5 12.5 6.2 4.7 P. aeruginosa V02 15328 12.5 3.1 6.2 3.1 6.2 12.5 12.5 6.2 3.1 P. aeruginosa V09 16085 9.4 1.6 3.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 3.1 3.1 Acinetobacter V04 19905/1 12.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 12.5 12.5 6.2 6.2 6.2 Acinetobacter V12 21143/1 12.5 3.1 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 9.4 Acinetobacter V12 21193/1 12.5 3.1 3.1 6.2 3.1 6.2 3.1 6.2 6.2

TABLE 11 Anticancer activity (EC₅₀-values) in μg/ml Example Hemolysis ex. Hela (μg/ml) MCF (μg/ml) hRBC 80 337 nd nd 106 43 39 1.4 170 24 41 nd 197 20 23 3.4 229 13 25 4.8 230 23 32 1.7 285 11 11 4.2 286 nd 23 17.1 

1. Compounds of the general formulae

wherein

is a group of the formulae

wherein

is the residue of an L-α-amino acid with B being the enantiomer of one of the groups A5, A8 or A10 as defined hereinafter;

is a group of one of the formulae R¹ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁵ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁷ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R⁸ is H; Cl; F; CF₃; NO₂; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴; R²⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R³³ is H; alkyl, alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹, —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; R³⁴ is H; lower alkyl; aryl, or aryl-lower alkyl; R³³ and R³⁴ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)COOR⁵⁷; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; R⁵⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—COR⁶⁴; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; R⁵⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl lower alkyl; or heteroaryl lower alkyl; R⁵⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; R⁵⁹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁶⁰ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R⁶¹ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)NR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)PO(COR⁶⁰)₂; R⁶² is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, heteroaryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R⁶³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —COR⁶⁴; —COOR⁵⁷; —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —SO₂R⁶²; or —PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; R³⁴ and R⁶³ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁶⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁶⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁶⁶; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(P)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; m is 2–4; o is 0–4; p is 1–4; q is 0–2; r is 1 or 2; s is 0 or 1; R⁶⁷ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁶⁸ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower; or lower alkenyl; R⁶⁹ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁷⁰ is H; Cl; Br; F; NO₂; —NR³⁴COR⁵⁷; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; Z is a chains of 12 α-amino acid residues, the positions of said amino acid residues in said chains being counted starting from the N-terminal amino acid, whereby these amino acid residues are, depending on their position in the chains, Gly, or of one of the types C: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO—; D: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—; E: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—; F: —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)CO—; and R⁷² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁵; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁵; R⁷³ is —(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; or —(CH₂)_(r)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; R⁷⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR^(l))NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR^(78R) ⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR^(l))NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR^(l))NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR^(l))NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR^(l))NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁷⁵ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁷⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR^(33R) ⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)COR⁶⁴; R⁷⁷ is —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶; or a heteroaryl group of one of the formulae

R⁷⁸ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R⁷⁸ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁷⁹ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or R⁷⁸ and R⁷⁹, taken together, can be —(CH₂)₂₋₇—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁸⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁸¹ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R⁸² is H; lower alkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; R³³ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁸³ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or —NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; R⁸⁴ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OH; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; R⁸⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; with the proviso that in said chain of 12 α-amino acid residues Z, the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 12 are: P1: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F; P2: of type E or of type D; P3: of type C or of type D; P4: of type E or of type F or of type D; P5: of type E or of type D or of type C, or the residue is Gly; P6: of type E or of type F, or the residue is Gly; P7: of type E or of type F; P8: of type D or of type C; P9: of type E or of type D or of type F; P10: of type D or of type C; P11: of type E or of type D; and P12: of type C or of type D or of type E or of type F; and at P6 and P7 also D-isomers being possible; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 2. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein R² and R⁷⁶ are other than —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ or —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; R³³, R⁵⁵, R⁵⁶, R⁶¹ and R⁶⁴ are other than —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸² or —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; R³³ and R³⁴, or R³⁴ and R⁶³ are other than, taken together, —CH₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—, —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂— or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁷ in —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂— or —(CH₂)_(r)NR⁵⁷(CH₂)_(r)— is other than lower alkenyl or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; R⁷⁴ is other than —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰, —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁶⁴, or —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁷⁷; R⁷⁷ is other than H52, H53 and H54; and in Z the amino acid residues in positions 1, 5 and 12 are: P1: of type C or of type D or of type E; P5: of type E or of type D, or the residue is Gly; and P12: of type C or of type D or of type E.
 3. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein R¹ is hydrogen or lower alkyl; R² is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸² is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); (CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆F₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); (CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰ is H; or lower lower alkyl; R³³ is H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸² is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy): R⁷ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸² is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)(NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴ is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³ is H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R³³ is H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸² is H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together are —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹ is H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together are ——(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷ is H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶² is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸ is H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).
 4. Compounds according to claim 3 wherein A is a group of one of the formulae A5 (with R² being H); and A8.
 5. Compounds according to claim 4 wherein A is a group of formula

wherein R²⁰ is H or lower alkyl; and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl.
 6. Compounds according to claim 5 wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl; n-heptyl; 4-(phenyl)benzyl; diphenylmethyl, 3-amino-propyl; 5-amino-pentyl; methyl; ethyl; isopropyl; isobutyl; n-propyl; cyclohexyl; cyclohexylmethyl; n-butyl; phenyl; benzyl; (3-indolyl)methyl; 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl; (4-phenyl)phenyl; or n-nonyl.
 7. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein B is an enantiomer of one of the groups A5 (with R² being H) and A8.
 8. Compounds according to claim 7 wherein B is a group, having (L)-configuration, of formula

wherein R²⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl.
 9. Compounds according to claim 8 wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl; n-heptyl; 4-(phenyl)benzyl; diphenylmethyl, 3-amino-propyl; 5-amino-pentyl; methyl; ethyl; isopropyl; isobutyl; n-propyl; cyclohexyl; cyclohexylmethyl; n-butyl; phenyl; benzyl; (3-indolyl)methyl; 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl; (4-phenyl)phenyl; or n-nonyl.
 10. Compounds according to claim 1 wherein in the chain of α-amino acid residues Z, the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: of type C or of type E; or of type D; or of type F; P2: of type E; or of type D; P3: of type C or of type D; P4: of type E; P5: of type E; or of type C; P6: of type E or of type F, P7: of type E; P8: of type D; P9: of type E or of type D; P10: of type D; P11: of type E; or of type D and P12: of type C or of type E; or of type D; or of type F; at P6 and P7 also D-isomers being possible.
 11. Compounds according to claim 10 wherein the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; Arg; Lys; Tyr; Trp; Val; Gln; or 4-AmPhe; P2: Mg; Trp; or Gln; P3: Leu,; Val; Ile; or Phe; P4: Lys; Arg; Gln; or Orn; P5: Lys; or Arg; P6: Arg; Tyr (Bzl); or ^(D)Tyr (Bzl) P7: Arg; P8: Trp; Bip; 1-Nal; Tyr (Bzl); or Val; P9: Lys; Arg; Orn; Tyr; Trp; or Gln; P10: Tyr; Thr (Bzl); or Tyr (Bzl); P11: Arg; or Tyr; and P12: Val; Arg; 1-Nal; or 4-AmPhe.
 12. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 13. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Y(Bzl); P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 14. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: 1-Nal.
 15. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Bip; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 16. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Thr (Bzl); P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 17. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Arg; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 18. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Bip; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 19. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-(2R,4S)-4-[n-hexylcarbonylamino]-^(L)pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 20. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-(2R,4S)-4-[cyclohexylcarbonylamino]-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 21. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Arg; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Val.
 22. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Arg.
 23. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Arg; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12, Arg.
 24. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: ^(D)Tyr (Bzl); P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11, Arg; and P12: Val.
 25. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Arg; P2: Bip; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Arg.
 26. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Lys; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Arg.
 27. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Tyr; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Arg.
 28. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Trp; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Arg.
 29. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Val; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Arg.
 30. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Gln; P2: Trp; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Arg; P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Tyr; and P12: Arg.
 31. A compound according to claim 1 wherein the template is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro; and the amino acid residues in position 1–12 are: P1: Leu; P2: Arg; P3: Leu; P4: Lys; P5: Lys; P6: Tyr (Bzl); P7: Arg; P8: Trp; P9: Lys; P10: Tyr; P11: Arg; and P12: Val.
 32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically inert carrier.
 33. A composition according to claim 32 in a form suitable for oral, topical, transdermal, injection, buccal, transmucosal, pulmonary or inhalation administration.
 34. A composition according to claim 32 in form of tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions, liquids, gels, plasters, creams, ointments, syrups, slurries, suspensions, sprays, nebulisers or suppositories.
 35. A process for the manufacture of compounds according to claim 1 comprising the steps of: (a) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is in position or 6, 7 or 5 any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is one position nearer the N-terminal amino acid residue, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (d) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) until the N-terminal amino acid residue has been introduced; (f) coupling the product thus obtained to a compound of the general formula

wherein

is as defined above and X is an N-protecting group or, alternatively, (fa) coupling the product obtained in step (d) or (e) with an appropriately N-protected derivative of an amino acid of the general formula HOOC—B—H  III or HOOC-A-H  IV wherein B and A are as defined above , any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (fb) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; and (fc) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of an amino acid of the above general formula IV and, respectively, III, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (g) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained in step (f) or (fc); (h) coupling the product thus obtained to an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is in position 12, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (i) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (j) coupling the product thus obtained to an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is one position farther away from position 12, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (k) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (l) repeating steps (j) and (k) until all amino acid residues have been introduced; (m) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and appropriately substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated; (o) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support; (p) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support; (q) removing any protecting groups present on functional groups of any members of the chain of amino acid residues and, if desired, any protecting group(s) which may in addition be present in the molecule; and (r) if desired, converting the product thus obtained into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or converting a pharmaceutically acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the corresponding free compound of formula I or into a different, pharmaceutically acceptable, salt. 